Component 3

What do organisms require and why
What are the 5 common properties of respirartory systems
How does amoeba carry out gas exchange
Why do is not require adaptations
What happesntto SA:Vol ratio as organisms get bigger
what is oxygen requirement proportional to
Where does the earthworm live and why
How does it carry out gas exchange
How is it possible (7)
What happens when the SA:Vol fals below a certain level
Why have large organisms had to evolve systmes
How to amphibians carry out gas exchange (3)
How do reptiles (3)
Birds (3)
What problems do aquatic organisms have with gas exchange (3)
Wht do fish use to do gax exchange
Adapatations of gills (4) How does water flow in (pressure changes etc)
Counter current in bony fish vs concurrent in cartillegenous fish

Human respiratory systems includes (9)
Inspiration in humans
Lung adaptations - (7)
Where are gases exchanged and how
What does surfactant and epiglottis do
How do insects carry out gas exchange - where does O2 and CO2 go/leave
What is th insect respiratory system - spiracles, trachea, tracheolles
Why is the circulatory system not inovlved in respiration (2)
Plant structure with feature and role each ( 9)
What is the mechanism to open the stomata
What happens at night
What other plant type does it during the day - what is that process called

Earthworms Vs Insects
What type of circulatory system
How is the blood carried - and where to and from
What keeps the blood moving
Doeds it have haemaglobin
Where do gases come in
FISH - what type of circulatory system and its effect
Mammals - what type of circulatory system and its pros
What is the heart structure -Which side receives oxygenaed
Structure and significance of arteries, veins and capillaires - 3 layers, lumen, endothelium etc.
What happnes during the cardiac cycle
What does myogenically refer to
Pressure changes during each stage - effect - elastic recoil, blood passing into venouls, what prevents backflow, how is blood squeezed back to the heart
What are the 2 heart valves, what are they held by to heart muscle - what is that significance and what are the valves' roles
ECG waves and what open and closes at each stage and why

What is blood composed of
What are erythrocytes
What is the structure and its signinfance
Oxyhameaglobin curve shape and its significance
What happens at each part of the graph (3)
Foetal haemgalobin vs normal haemaglobin
What is myoglobin
What happens at low partial pressure
What is the bohr effect and chloride shift
How is CO2 transported
What does blood transport - hormones, heat, excretory product, nutrients - detail
What are hormones and how do they work
How does blood transport heat and why
What are the functions of tissue fluid ((5)
How is it formed and why

What is the root strucutre
What is the root cap, apical meristem, root hairs, pericycle and endodermis
Where is the vascular tissue located
What does the stele consist of
How is water absorbedd from root hairs. WP of soil water and root hairs and why (including solute concentratoin)
What are the 3 pathways of water movement
What is the casparian ***** - what does it mean
What is root pressure
How do you draw a stem
What is the xylem structure
What is transpiration and how does it happen - what factos affect it
Why is it called cohesion-tension
Adaptations of mesophytes, hydrophytes, xerophytes
Phloem structure
What is translocation
Evidence for mass flow

What is autotrophic
What are the 2 types of autotrophic
What is the main type of autotrphic nutrition
Who do this
Which organisms are photosynthetetic
Who are the producers in food chains
What is heterotrophic
How do they feed
Whaht organisms are heterotrophic
What is saprotrophic,  holozoic and parisitic nutrition
What do fungi do
What is the strucutre of fungi
How do they feed and reproduce, What experiment displays saprotrophic nutrition
The 4 stages of holozic nutrition are
How do ameoba feed and What do they feed on
How do hydra feed
Gizzard and crop in earhtworm signigicance
How do earthworms feed

Structure of human gut
Fully explain human digestoin
Mouth - what happens, secretions
How does food go from oesophagus to stomach
What happens in the stomach (3)
Adaptations of the stomach(3)
Small intestine adaptatoins
What neutralises teh acid
Bile
Pancreatic secreations
what do lacteals and capillaries absorb
Difference between dudoden and ileum
The capillaries of the small intestine drain into and what does it mean
What happens in the liver and what are glucose adn animon acids used for in the liver
What do lymph vessel transport

Adaptations of herbivoer gut
Herbivoes feed on... problem with this...solution... what are herbivore guts adapted to and how... location of bacteria... refection... caecum
Herbivore dentition (8)
What happens in each chamber of the ruminant gut
Adaptations of carnivore guts (3)Carnivore dentition (7)Parasites are
What is a tapeworm, treatment and how are they adapted(4)
Headlice...what they do...adaptations...treatment

Enzymes involved in human digestion, endo, exo, pepsin(ogen), trypsin(ogen)
Co-transport

What is the brain surrounded by
What is the brain protected by
What is cerbrospinal fluid and what does it do
what are the 3 divisions of the brain
Brain strucutre, position and function (6)
Autonomic nervous system is divided into and what happens in eachone
What is they hypothalamus, what is it connected with, wha t is the function and what does it do
2 ways hormones are released into blood4 positional planes
What is the cerebrum
What are gryi and sulci and fissures
What is the longitudinal fissure and the central gyrus, what conects the 2 hemisphers
What is the cerebal cortex and what it special about it
What does it contain and what is the inner area of the cerebrum composed of
What are the 4 lobes and their roles
Sensory, motor and association areas are and what is special about it
What is the homonculus - which parts are bigger and why
Brocas aphasia vs wernickes apashisa, where are the bits and how are they connected

What are all the methods called and whyWhat is EEG - what does it test for, how is it different
What is CT, what does it test for, what are the pros and cons
Same with MRI, fMRI and PET

What is developmental plascityW
What are connections called
How many synapses dos a baby, 2 year old and adult ahve
What is early childhood called and its significant period
Development of language in deaf babies and abused children
What is neuroplasticity
When does it happen
What is epigentetics... many brain fucntions...interactins...crucial role
HHPA axis is
How is HHPA a negative feedback mechanism
Effect of cortisol

Reflex vs Kineses vs Taxes
Imprinting
Habituation
Classical condition
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
Insight learning
Imitation
What are social groups vs societes
What do social behaviours rquire
What is FAP
What is the caste system in bees - the heirarchy, dances, communcation is via
What are social grous based on. how is it structured
Pros and cons
Courtship is used to (3)
Sexual dimorphism importance
Intra vs Inter

What is homestasis What levels are kept constant
What does dynamic equlibrum mean
What is the benefit of homeostasis - functions of temp and glucose examples
What is -ve and +ve feedback
Components of the mechanism (4)
Kidney structure and function, how much blood pass through, where does blood eter and leave
3 areas in kidney and parts of each area are
The 2 functions are
What is ultrafiltration, what parts are invovled (2) adaptations, 1 - 2 and 2-3
Where does selective reabsorptiont ake place, adaptations for
Which substances, how much and how are they reabsorbed
L of Henle - hwo does it happen Adaptations in dry and wet for L of H
Osmoregulation is - the detector, the coordinator, the effector
ADH mechanism
5 causes of kidney failure and 4 treatments with details
Excretory products, ammonia, urea, uric - how toxic, solubility in water who makes, and how to get rid off

What are the components and their function (5)
What is the central and periphal nervous system made up of
What is the spinal cord, what does the brain do
Strucutre(10) including sensory, connectr and motor start and end
Why is white matter white and gryey matter grey
Nerve nets consist of  - why and pros
The motor neurone is composed of (4)and what each bit does
Parts of the neve impulse - What happens during resting potential and why
What is the action potential
What is all or none and threshold - numbers and units
What is refactory period, including hyperpolarisation and why it's important
Why does saltatory conduction happen
What is conduction velocity effected by (3)
How does the nerve synapse function (6)
WHat happens to the neurotransimmiter at the end
pros of synapses (3)
What is the effect of drugs