The movement of molecules or ions transport proteins across a cell membrane, against their concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient, involving the use of energy from ATP.
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Metabolic Reactions
The chemical reactions that take place in living organisms.
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Muscle Cells
Cells making up muscle tissue; they contain the proteins actin and myosin that are able to use energy from ATP to slide along each other and shorten the cell.
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Respiration
The release of chemical energy from glucose or other substrates by oxidation; most of the energy is used to make ATP; it happens in all living cells.
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ATPase
An enzyme that can catalyse the conversion of ADP and Pi into ATP or the reverse reaction; sometimes known as ATP synthase.
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Glycolysis
The first set of reactions in respiration; it takes place in the cytoplasm and results in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, with the net gain of two ATPs per glucose molecule.
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Hexose Bisphosphate
A six-carbon sugar with two phosphate groups attached.
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Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
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Pyruvate
A three-carbon molecule that is the end-product of glycolysis.
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Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that can remove hydrogen from a substance.
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NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that is required to allow dehydrogenases to remove hydrogens; the NAD accepts them and becomes reduced.
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Coenzyme
A non-protein substance that is required for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction.
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Reduction
The loss of oxygen, the gain of hydrogen or the gain of electrons.
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Reduced NAD
NAD that has picked up hydrogens.
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Cristae
Folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, on which the electron transport chain is found.
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Matrix
The ‘background material’ inside a mitochondrion, where the link reaction and the Krebs cycle take place.
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Link Reaction
A reaction taking place in the matrix of a mitochondrion, in which pyruvate reacts with CoA to form acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide.
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Decarboxylation
The removal of carbon dioxide from a substance.
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Coenzyme A (CoA)
A coenzyme required for the removal of carbon dioxide by decarboxylase enzymes.
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Acetyl CoA
Coenzyme A with an acetate group attached.
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Krebs Cycle
The cycle of reactions that takes place in the matrix of a mitochondrion, in which pyruvate is oxidised to oxaloacetate; ATP, reduced NAD and reduced FAD are produced, and carbon dioxide is given off.
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Oxaloacetate
A four-carbon compound that is involved in the Krebs cycle.
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Citrate
A six-carbon compound that is involved in the Krebs cycle.
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FAD
Flavine adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that is required to allow dehydrogenases to remove hydrogens; the FAD accepts them and becomes reduced.
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
The production of ATP directly from a reaction in the Krebs cycle, not involving the electron transport chain.
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Chemiosmosis
The way in which the diffusion of protons down a proton gradient produced across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, or across a thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast, provides energy for the synthesis of ATP.
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Lactate
A three-carbon compound produced by the addition of hydrogen to pyruvate during anaerobic respiration.
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Oxygen Debt
The extra oxygen required by the body after exercise has taken place partly fuelled by anaerobic respiration; the extra oxygen is needed to convert the lactic acid that has been formed to pyruvate.
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Respiratory Substrate
A substrate that can be oxidised in respiration to release energy for the synthesis of ATP
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The chemical reactions that take place in living organisms.
Back
Metabolic Reactions
Card 3
Front
Cells making up muscle tissue; they contain the proteins actin and myosin that are able to use energy from ATP to slide along each other and shorten the cell.
Back
Card 4
Front
The release of chemical energy from glucose or other substrates by oxidation; most of the energy is used to make ATP; it happens in all living cells.
Back
Card 5
Front
An enzyme that can catalyse the conversion of ADP and Pi into ATP or the reverse reaction; sometimes known as ATP synthase.
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