A2 Biology Key Definitions.
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- Created by: Amy Kingston
- Created on: 09-12-12 15:10
Stimulus:
A change in the environment which causes a response.
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Response:
A change in behaviour or physiology as a result of the change in an environment.
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Homeostasis:
Maintaining the internal environment in a constant state despite external changes.
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Negative Feedback:
A process which causes a reversal of a change in conditions. It ensures that a constant state can be maintained and is therefore essential for homeostasis.
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Positive Feedback:
A process that increases any change detected. It doesn't lead to homeostasis.
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Ectotherm:
An organism which relies on external heat to regulate its core body temperature.
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Endotherm:
An organism that can maintain the core body temperature within strict limits and are independent of external temperature.
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Sensory Receptors:
Specialised cells which detect a change in surroundings.
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Saltatory Conduction:
When the action potential appears to jump from node to node.
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Hormone:
A molecule released into the blood that acts as a chemical messenger.
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Endocrine Glands:
The glands that secrete hormones straight into the blood.
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Exocrine Glands:
The glands that secrete substances into a duct.
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Target Cells:
Those that possess a specific receptor for many hormones.
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Adenyl Cyclase:
The enzyme associated with the receptor for many hormones.
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First Messenger:
The hormone that transmits a signal around the body.
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Second Messenger:
Where cAMP transmits a signal inside of a cell.
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Islets of Langerhans:
Areas of a cell within a pancreas. They have alpha and beta cells and have a rich blood supply. They secrete hormones into the blood.
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Diabetes Mellitus:
Disease where blood glucose concentrations can't be controlled effectively.
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Hyperglycemia:
Where the blood glucose concentration is too high.
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Hypoglycemia:
Where the blood glucose concentration is too low.
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Myogenic:
The muscles that control their own contractions.
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Excretion:
The removal of metabolic waste.
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Deamination:
Turning amino acids into ammonia.
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Kupffer Cells:
Macrophages which break down and recycle old red blood cells.
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Urea:
Excretory product formed by the break down of amino acids.
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Ornithine Cycle:
Where ammonia is converted to urea. It occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria.
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Nephron:
Receives fluid from capillaries in the cortex and converts it to urine.
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Glomerulus:
Network of capillaries. They increase the local blood pressure to squeeze fluid out of the blood.
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Bowman's Capsule:
Surrounds the Glomerulus. Fluid is pushed in by ultrafiltration.
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Afferent Blood Vessel:
Brings blood into the organ.
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Efferent Blood Vessel:
Takes blood away from the organ.
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Aquaporing:
Water permeable membrane.
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Respiration:
The process where energy is stored in molecules and used to make ATP.
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Anabolic:
Metabolic reactions that build large molecules.
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Catabolic:
Metabolic reactions that break large molecules up.
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Glycolysis:
Metabolic pathway where one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.
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Chemiosmosis:
Where hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase enzymes.
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Glycogenolysis:
The conversion of glycogen to glucose.
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Gluconeogenisis:
The conversion of amino acids and fats to glucose.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A change in behaviour or physiology as a result of the change in an environment.
Back
Response:
Card 3
Front
Maintaining the internal environment in a constant state despite external changes.
Back
Card 4
Front
A process which causes a reversal of a change in conditions. It ensures that a constant state can be maintained and is therefore essential for homeostasis.
Back
Card 5
Front
A process that increases any change detected. It doesn't lead to homeostasis.
Back
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