Handout 1 3.0 / 5 based on 2 ratings ? ChemistryUniversityNone Created by: Grace KingstonCreated on: 28-10-12 00:59 Atom the smallest particle that has unique chemical characteristics 1 of 31 Atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom 2 of 31 Mass number the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 3 of 31 Particle position in a Solid closely packed (often in a regular pattern), vibrate about fixed positions 4 of 31 Particle position in a Liquid less closely packed with no regular arrangement, some collisions occur, particles move past each other. 5 of 31 Particle position in a Gas widely spaced with no regular arrangement, move freely at high speeds. 6 of 31 Pure Substance single type of matter; all particles are the same e.g. sugar, mercury 7 of 31 Mixture more than one substance present e.g. concrete, granite 8 of 31 Heterogeneous uneven composition e.g. granite 9 of 31 Homogeneous uniform composition throughout e.g. golden syrup 10 of 31 Solvent component present in larger amount e.g. water in seawater 11 of 31 Solute dissolved substance (smaller amount)e.g. salt in seawater 12 of 31 Elements CANNOT be broken down chemically to simpler substances e.g. copper, helium 13 of 31 Compounds CAN be broken down using chemical means into 2 or more different substances (or its elements) e.g. water, CO2 14 of 31 Molecule An individual electrically uncharged group of 2 or more atoms bonded together. 15 of 31 Metalloids Shiny in appearance like a metal however they have chemical properties similar to non-metals 16 of 31 Isotopes Atoms of an element (same atomic number) with different masses. 17 of 31 Atomic Orbital The region of space in which an electron is most likely to be found 18 of 31 Shape of s orbital Spherical shape with nucleus at centre 19 of 31 Shape of p orbitals two lobes giving “dumbbell” shape; 3 different orientations. 20 of 31 Cations A deficiency of electrons and are positively charged 21 of 31 Anions have an excess of electrons and are negatively charged 22 of 31 Ionic bonds strong electrostatic attractions between cations and anions in a crystalline solid structure (lattice). 23 of 31 Metallic bonding positive ions surrounded by a “sea” of moving electrons. 24 of 31 Covalent bonding mutual attraction between 2 nuclei and a shared electron pair located between nuclei. 25 of 31 Lewis structures Are 2-D diagrams that show the distribution of the valence electrons 26 of 31 Electronegativity the relative ability of bonded atom to attract shared electrons to itself. 27 of 31 Polar covalent bond The unequal sharing of electrons giving partial charges on atoms at each end of bond. 28 of 31 Polar molecules When surrounding atoms at central atom are not all the same (and no nonbonding electrons pairs). 29 of 31 Law of conservation of mass In any chemical change: the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. 30 of 31 Precipitation reaction Occur when 2 aqueous solutions of ionic compounds are combined and react to produce an insoluble ionic solid 31 of 31
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