42.Animal Reproduction

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  • Created by: kpaul1234
  • Created on: 23-05-21 23:57
Define Regeneration
Regeneration is the replacement of damaged tissues or lost limbs
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Define Parthenogenesis
The development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
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Define a gamete
The mature sexual reproductive cell: the egg or the sperm.
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Define Gametogenesis
making gametes
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Define Spawning/mating
bringing gametes together
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Define Fertilization
fusing gametes
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Describe the structure of testes
The male gonad; the organ that produces the male gametes.
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Describe the structure of an ovary
Any female organ, in plants or animals, that produces an egg.
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Describe the structure of sperm
The male gamete.
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Describe the structure of an egg
In all sexually reproducing organisms, the female gamete; in birds, reptiles, and some other vertebrates, a structure within which early embryonic development occurs.
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Define a germ cell
A reproductive cell or gamete of a multicellular organism.
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Define spermatogonia
diploid stem cells in males; divide by mitosis and differentiate into cells that undergo meiosis to form sperm
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Define oogonia
diploid stem cells in females; divide by mitosis and differentiate into cells that undergo meiosis to form eggs
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Describe the structure of a primary spermatocyte
undergo Meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes
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Describe the structure of a primary oocyte
enter Meiosis I, but arrest in Prophase I until puberty
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Describe the structure of a secondary spermatocyte
undergo Meiosis II to produce 4 haploid spermatids which separate and mature in the testes and epididymis and become motile sperm
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Describe the structure of a spermatid
One of the products of the second meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte; four haploid spermatids, which remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges, are produced for each primary spermatocyte that enters meiosis.
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Describe the structure of a secondary oocyte
released into the Fallopian tube or oviduct, starts Meiosis II but then arrests in Metaphase II
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Describe the structure of a first polar body
The small daughter cell from the first meiotic division of a primary oocyte.
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Describe the structure of an ootid
In oogenesis, the daughter cell of the second meiotic division that differentiates into the mature ovum.
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Define a second polar body
In oogenesis, the daughter cell of the second meiotic division that differentiates into the mature ovum.
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Define a zygote
The cell created by the union of two gametes, in which the gamete nuclei are also fused. The earliest stage of the diploid generation.
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Define a vitelline envelope
The inner, proteinaceous protective layer of a sea urchin egg.
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Define an acrosome
The structure at the forward tip of an animal sperm, which is the first to fuse with the egg membrane and enter the egg cell.
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Define a bindin
The structure at the forward tip of an animal sperm, which is the first to fuse with the egg membrane and enter the egg cell.
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Define blocks to polyspermy
Any of several responses to entry of a sperm into an egg that prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg.
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Define external fertilisation
The release of gametes into the environment; typical of aquatic animals. Also called spawning.
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Define internal fertilisation
The release of sperm into the female reproductive tract; typical of most terrestrial animals.
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Define genitalia
The reproductive organs, especially the external accessory sex organs.
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Define a primary sex organ
Testes and ovaries
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Define accessory sex organs
Anatomical structures that allow transfer of sperm from male to female for internal fertilization.
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Describe the structure of a penis
An accessory sex organ of male animals that enables the male to deposit sperm in the female’s reproductive tract.
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Describe the structure of a vagina
In female animals, the entry to the reproductive tract.
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Define copulation
Reproductive behavior that results in a male depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of a female.
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Define hermaphroditic
The coexistence of both female and male sex organs in the same organism.
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Define Oviparous
Reproduction in which eggs are released by the female and development is external to the mother’s body.
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Define Viviparous
Premature germination in plants.
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Define uterus
A specialized portion of the female reproductive tract in mammals that receives the fertilized egg and nurtures the embryo in its early development. Also called the womb.
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Define a placenta
The organ in female mammals that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and elimination of the fetal waste products.
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Define ovoviviparity
Pertaining to reproduction in which fertilized eggs develop and hatch within the mother’s body but are not attached to the mother by means of a placenta.
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Define semen
The thick, whitish liquid produced by the male reproductive system in mammals, containing the sperm.
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Define a scrotum
In most mammals, a pouch outside the body cavity that contains the testes.
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Define seminiferous tubules
The tubules within the testes within which sperm production occurs.
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Define a Sertoli cell
Cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that nurture the developing sperm.
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Define a Leydig cell
The cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that secrete testosterone.
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Describe the structure of an epididymis
Coiled tubules in the testes that store sperm and conduct sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens.
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Describe the structure of an urethra
In most mammals, the canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder and which serves as the genital duct in males.
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Describe the structure of vas deferens
Duct that transfers sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
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Describe the structure of the ejaculatory duct
The duct that carries semen from the seminal vesicle to the urethra.
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Describe the structure of seminal vesicles
Male accessory sex glands that contribute most of the volume of the semen including mucus, fibrinogen, and fructose.
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Describe the structure of the prostate gland
In male humans, surrounds the urethra at its junction with the vas deferens; supplies an acid-neutralizing fluid to the semen.
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Describe the structure of bulbourethral gland
Secretory structures of the human male reproductive system that produce a small volume of an alkaline, mucoid secretion that helps neutralize acidity in the urethra and lubricate it to facilitate the passage of semen.
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Describe the structure of a glans penis
The highly sensitive tip of the mammalian penis.
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Describe the process of an erection
The state of the penis in which it is stiffened by engorgement with blood.
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Describe the structure of a endometrium
The epithelial lining of the uterus.
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Describe the ovarian cycle
In human females, the monthly cycle of events by which eggs and hormones are produced.
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Describe the mestrual cycle
A term for the uterine cycle of humans that refers to the monthly sloughing of the uterine lining, or menses.
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Define menopause
In human females, the end of fertility and menstrual cycling.
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Describe the structure of a follicle
In female mammals, an immature egg surrounded by nutritive cells.
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Define corpus luteum
A structure formed from a follicle after ovulation; produces hormones important to the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Describe the process of menstruation
The process by which the endometrium breaks down, and the sloughed-off tissue, including blood, flows from the body.
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Define estrus
The period of heat, or maximum sexual receptivity, in some female mammals. Ordinarily, estrus is also the time of release of eggs in the female.
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Describe the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A hormone secreted by the placenta that sustains the corpus luteum and helps maintain pregnancy.
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Define contraception
Birth control methods that prevent fertilization or implantation (conception).
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Define abortion
Any termination of pregnancy, whether induced or natural (in which case it is called a spontaneous abortion), that occurs after a fertilized egg is successfully implanted in the uterus.
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Define artificial insemination
An infertility treatment that involves the artificial introduction of sperm into the woman’s reproductive tract.
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State the function Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs)
Any of several procedures that remove unfertilized eggs from the ovary, combine them with sperm outside the body, and then place fertilized eggs or egg–sperm mixtures in the appropriate location in a female’s reproductive tract for development.
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Define ovulation
Release of an egg from an ovary.
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State the function of the oviducts
In mammals, the tube serving to transport eggs to the uterus or to the outside of the body.
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State the function of the cervix
The opening of the uterus into the vagina.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Parthenogenesis

Back

The development of offspring from unfertilized eggs

Card 3

Front

Define a gamete

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define Gametogenesis

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define Spawning/mating

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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