41.Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

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  • Created by: kpaul1234
  • Created on: 22-05-21 08:24
Define a pathogen
Harmful organisms or viruses that cause disease.
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Define Innate defenses
in animals, one of two general types of defenses against pathogens; nonspecific and present in most animals
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Define Adaptive Defenses
in animals, one of two general types of defenses against pathogens; involves antibody proteins and other proteins that recognize, bind to and aid in the destruction of specific viruses and bacteria; present only in vertebrate animals
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Define Immunity
in animals, the ability to avoid disease when invaded by a pathogen by deploying various defense mechanisms
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State the function of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP)
the molecules recognized by pattern recognition receptors
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Describe the structure of blood plasma
Blood plasma is a yellowish solution containing ions, small molecule solutes, and soluble proteins. Suspended in the plasma are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (cell fragments essential to blood clotting).
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Describe the structure of lymph
Lymph is a fluid that is derived from the blood (but lacking red blood cells) and other tissues and accumulates in intercellular spaces throughout the body.
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State the function of lymph nodes
At many sites along the lymph vessels are small, roundish structures called lymph nodes, which contain a type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte
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State the function of white blood cells
cells in the blood plasma that play defensive roles in the immune system; also called leukocytes
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State the function of phagocytes
one of two major classes of white blood cells; one of the nonspecific defenses of animals; ingests invading microorganisms by phagocytosis
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State the function of a lymphocyte
one of the two major classes of white blood cells; includes T cells, B cells, and other cell types important to the immune system
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State the function of antibodies
Antibodies are proteins that bind specifically to certain substances identified by the immune system as nonself.
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State the function of antigens
The specific molecules that bind to antibodies are called antigens.
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State the function of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are used to display antigens on the surfaces of self cells, so that the antigens can be detected by the T cells of the immune system. MHC proteins also function as important self—identifying labels.
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State the fuction of T cell receptors
T cell receptors are integral membrane proteins on the surfaces of T cells. They recognize and bind to antigens presented by the MHC proteins on the surfaces of other cells.
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State the function of mucus
Mucus is a slippery secretion produced by mucous membranes found at the inner surfaces of the nose (as well as the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems). Mucus traps microorganisms so they can be removed by the beating of cilia
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State the function of lysozyme
Lysozyme is an enzyme made by cells of the mucous membranes that attacks the cell walls of many bacteria, causing them to lyse (burst open).
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State the function of Defensins
Defensins, also made by mucous membranes, are peptides of 18–45 amino acids that contain hydrophobic domains. They are toxic to a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, microbial eukaryotes, and enveloped viruses. Defensins insert themselves into th
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State the function of complement proteins
1. They first attach to the surface of a microbe or an antibody already bound to a microbe.
2. They activate inflammation response and attract phagocytes.
3. Lyse invading cells.
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State the function of interferons
To act as signaling proteins that increase the resistance of other cells to infection.
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State the function of natural killer cells
Initiate apoptosis of target cells.
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State the function of mast cells
cells, typically found in connective tissue, that release histamine in response to tissue damage
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Define a Tumor necrosis factor
Tumor necrosis factor, a cytokine protein that kills target cells and activates immune cells.
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State the function of Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins, fatty acid derivatives involved in various responses, including the widening of blood vessels. Prostaglandins interact with nerve endings and are partly responsible for the pain caused by inflammation.
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State the function of Histamine
Histamine, an amino acid derivative that leads to the important process of dilation of blood vessels, as well as itchy, watery eyes and rashes seen with some types of allergic reactions.
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State the function of antigenic determinants
Specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system.
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State the function of epitopes
Specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system.
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Define antigen presentation
in cellular immunity, the process in which a cell ingests and digests an antigen, and then exposes fragments of that antigen, bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, to the outside of the cell, where the antigen can be recognized by T
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State the function of B cells
B cells that make antibodies are the workhorses of the humoral immune response
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State the function of cytotoxic T(Tc) cell
To recognize virus-infected mutated cells and kill them by lysis.
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State the function of T-helper (Th) cell
To integrate the humoral and cellular responses.
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Define clonal selection
mechanism by which exposure to antigen results in the activation of selected T- or B-cell clones, resulting in an immune response
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Define clonal deletion
inactivation or destruction of lymphocyte clones that would produce immune reactions against the animal's own body
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State the function of effector cells
in cellular immunity, B cells and T cells that attack an antigen, either by secreting antibodies that bind to the antigen or by releasing molecules that destroy any cell bearing the antigen
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State the function of plasma cells
an antibody-secreting cell that develops from a B cell; the effector cell of the humoral immune system
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State the function of memory cells
in the immune system, long-lived lymphocytes produced after exposure to antigen; they persist in the body and are able to mount a rapid response to subsequent exposures to the antigen
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Define a primary immune response
the first response of the immune system to an antigen, involving recognition by lymphocytes and the production of effector cells and memory cells
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Define a secondary immune response
a rapid and intense response to a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen, initiated by memory cells
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Describe the process of vaccination
Vaccinations are given in order to stimulate the immune system to produce memory B and/or T lymphocytes.
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State the function of immunoglobins
a class of proteins containing a tetramer consisting of four polypeptide chains - two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains - held together by disulfide bonds; active as receptors and effectors in the immune system
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Describe the constant region
the portion of an immunoglobulin molecule whose amino acid composition determines its class and does not vary among immunoglobulins in that class
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Describe the variable region
the portion of an immunoglobulin molecule or T cell receptor that includes the antigen-binding site and is responsible for its specificity
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State the function of Class I MHC proteins
Class I MHC proteins are present on the surface of every nucleated cell in the mammalian body. They present antigens to TC cells.
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State the function of Class II MHC proteins
Class II MHC proteins are on the surfaces of macrophages,B cells, and dendritic cells. They present antigens to TH cells.
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State the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)
regulatory T cells (Tregs) ensures that the immune system does not attack self cells and molecules indiscriminately
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Define autoimmunity
an immune response by an organism to its own molecules or cells
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Describe Human Immunodeficiency Virus
an immune response by an organism to its own molecules or cells
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Describe Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
a condition cause by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the body's T-helper cells are reduced, leaving the victim subject to opportunistic diseases
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Innate defenses

Back

in animals, one of two general types of defenses against pathogens; nonspecific and present in most animals

Card 3

Front

Define Adaptive Defenses

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define Immunity

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

State the function of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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