3BDS: CVD1

?
what is atherosclerosis?
it is when artery walls become clogged with plaque and atheroma/ cholesterol
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what parts of the body does atherosclerosis affect?/ diseases caused by atherosclerosis in different parts of the body
brain- cerebral infarction+ ischaemia which causes cerebral vascular disease and strokes
heart- IHD, MI
Aorta- can cause rupture and sudden death
kidneys- renal vascular disease
gut- gut ischaemia and mesenteric ischaemia
legs- PVD
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what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
endothelial damage->chronic inflammation-> lipids and fibrous tissues accumulate-> atheromatous plaques develop
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what is ischaemia?/ what are some of the symptoms.
narrowing of artery which reduced flow of blood and delivery of oxygen to tissues. muscles have to work harder
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where can ischaemia be seen?
cardiac angina, intermittent laudation in legs, mesenteric angina in guts etc
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what happens if the plaque on the artery wall ruptures?
thrombus formation over the plaque and blocks the artery.
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if plaque ruptures in atherosclerosis, what does that lead to?
infarction= tissue death
Example:
MI
stroke (blood supply to part of brain is cut off), cerebral infarction
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what are
a. the modifiable risk factors
b.non-modifiable risk factors
for atherosclerosis ?
a. smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, DM, obesity, harmful use of alcohol
b. genetic predisposition, increasing age, M>F
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What measurement is considered as high blood pressure?
>140/90
>150/90 if over 80
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what is normal blood pressure?
between 90/60 and 120/80
if below 90/60= low BP
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What are the primary causes of hypertension? what what does primary cause mean
obesity, harmful use of alcohol, inactivity, smoking, high salt diet, genetic factors. it means that there is no single underlying cause but the hypertension is related to the factors listed above
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what are the secondary causes of hypertension?
endocrine- hormone excess (cortisol, aldosterone)
- renal causes: eg polycystic kidneys, glomerular disease
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what can hypertension cause?
encephalopathy, retinal haemorrhages and papillodema, renal failure and heart failure
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what would be a worrying BP if sustained
160/100
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what is the medical management of hypertension? what is the goal of the meds?
ACE inhibitors (ramipril)
angiotensin II antagonists (valsartan)
diuretics (bendroflumethiazide)
calcium channel blockers (amlodipine)
beta blockers (bisoprolol, atenolol)

meet target <140/90
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if hypertension
is untreated, would you still carry out surgery requiring anaesthetic ?
no
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what parts of the body does atherosclerosis affect?/ diseases caused by atherosclerosis in different parts of the body

Back

brain- cerebral infarction+ ischaemia which causes cerebral vascular disease and strokes
heart- IHD, MI
Aorta- can cause rupture and sudden death
kidneys- renal vascular disease
gut- gut ischaemia and mesenteric ischaemia
legs- PVD

Card 3

Front

what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is ischaemia?/ what are some of the symptoms.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

where can ischaemia be seen?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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