1.1.1 Structure and Function of the Processor

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  • Created by: Zruixx
  • Created on: 23-03-23 10:02
What is the Purpose of the ALU?
The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs all of the arithmetic and logical operations of the CPU.
Such as:
- Addition and Subtraction
- Boolean Operations
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What is the Purpose of the CU?
The Control Unit sends control signals to other parts of the CPU. It executes program instructions by following the FDE Cycle.
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What are Registers?
Registers are tiny amounts of very fast memory within the CPU. They are used to hold information that is needed for the CPU to work.
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What are some Special Purpose Registers?
- Program Counter
- Current Instruction Register
- Memory Data Register
- Accumulator
-Memory Address Register
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What does the Program Counter do?
The Program Counter holds the memory location address of the next instruction to be performed by the CPU. As the Instruction is fetched, the counter increases by one.
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What does the Current Instruction Register do?
The Current Instruction Register is used to store the Current Instruction that the CPU is working on.
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What does the Memory Data Register do?
The MDR holds the data that has been retrieved from memory, or that is about to be stored in memory.
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What does the Accumulator do?
The ACC holds the result of calculations and operations performed by the ALU.
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What does the Memory Address Register do?
The MAR holds the address of the location in memory where data is to be retrieved or stored.
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What are Buses?
Buses are used to send and receive data and instructions from RAM.
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What are the 3 Main Buses in Von Neumann Architecture?
- The Data Bus
- The Address Bus
- The Control Bus
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What does the Data Bus do?
The Data bus retrieves data and instructions from main memory.
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What does the Address Bus do?
The Address Bus sends addresses to the main memory
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What does the Control Bus do?
The Control Bus sends control signals to other devices inside the computer system
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What is the FDE Cycle?
In order for the processor to process instructions and data, the processor needs to retrieve them from memory. To do this, it follows the fetch, decode, execute cycle.
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What Happens During the Fetch Stage?
- Address of next instruction is copied from the PC to the MAR.
- The PC is incremented to point to the next instruction for the next cycle
- Instruction stored at the MAR held location is copied to the MDR.
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What Happens During the Decode Stage?
The Control Unit decodes the instruction and sends control signals to the component within or outside the CPU that needs to act.
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What Happens During the Execute Stage?
The operation indicated by the instruction is performed by the appropriate component. For example:

- The ALU performs the operation given by the Control Unit
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What are Factors that Affect CPU Performance?
- Clock Speed
-Cache
-Cores
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What is Pipelining?
Pipelining allows more processor operations to take place in less time.
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What is Instruction Pipelining?
- The Instruction pipeline will pre-fetch the next instruction and data and store it in a register.
- As one Instruction leaves the current instruction register, the next one is ready to be loaded and decoded.
- At any given point, there are instructions
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What is Arithmetic Pipelining?
- The arithmetic pipeline divides up an arithmetic operation into its individual steps.
- Each step is performed overlapping the next step.
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What is Von Neumann Architecture?
The architecture works on the stored program concept:

- A program must be stored in main memory to be executed.
- Its instructions are fetched one at a time and executed serially
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What does Von Neumann Architecture use?
It uses:

- One CU
- One ALU
- Five Registers
- Three Buses
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What is Harvard Architecture?
Harvard Architecture has two memory locations, one for data and one for instructions. The instructions are often unchanging so will be kept in ROM.
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When is Harvard Architecture used?
Harvard architecture processors are mainly used in digital signal processing applications such as:

- Medical Body signal monitoring
- Sonar
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the Purpose of the CU?

Back

The Control Unit sends control signals to other parts of the CPU. It executes program instructions by following the FDE Cycle.

Card 3

Front

What are Registers?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are some Special Purpose Registers?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the Program Counter do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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