1.1 Design Argument

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  • Created by: Bolt 775
  • Created on: 01-10-17 09:14
The design argument is also known as a ___________ argument
Teleological
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Define teleological
Teleos - means end or purpose in Greek.
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The argument uses evidence from the World that show _______ and ________ to conclude that ________ exists
1)Design 2)Purpose 3)God
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What is P?
Premise
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What is C?
Conclusion
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The design argument is _ / __________ and __________
1)A posteriori 2)Inductive
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What is A posteriori?
Based on experience of the Universe around us.
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What is Inductive?
God's existence is likely based on it's premises however its not certain.
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What is St Thomas Aquinas argument?
The argument is a posteriori and inductive, because there is no certainty.
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He uses the _________ of the arrow speeding toward the target
analogy
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The arrow being an object cannot have ________ or _______ to move it
1)Intelligence 2)Purpose
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The archer is ___________ because he lets go of the arrow
Intelligent
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A flower has a _______ to reproduce but it cannot themselves move towards that goal so there must be an __________ designer that has.
1)Purpose 2)Intelligent
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What is William Paley's design argument about?
1)Paley imagines walking and in his walk he say a stone and a watch on the ground. 2)He asks himself, 'How did that object come to be here?' 3)Stone he thought had been there forever. 4)Watch he was uncertain about.
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What did Paley begin to understand about the Watch observing the following features of how it is created?
The Watch has evidence of design so therefore there must be a designer of the watch
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What did Paley believe the Watch and the Universe had in common?
They both had a designer (this was none as his analogy)
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Paley's analogy - We can observe the criteria of design in nature + in face the works of nature are more powerful than human design. Therefore, nature must have a designer powerful enough to have designed the Universe, this being ___
God
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Paley's argument from analogy what is P1?
A watch has certain complex features. Eg. Consists of parts each have function + must work together for a purpose.
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What is P2?
Anything which exhibits these features must have been designed.
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What is P3?
Therefore the watch has been designed by a designer.
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What is P4?
The Universe is like the watch in that it possesses the same features, except on a far more wondrous scale.
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What is C?
Therefore the universe , like the watch, has been designed, except by a wondrous maker - God.
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What did Paley do because he anticipated ........
He anticipated Criticism so he set out criticism and responses for his own argument.
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Hume's Criticisms - H Cr1?
We have no experience of the World-making: Unlike our direct/indirect experience of watch-making so we can't know what made the World. The universe in unique so we cannot say God/anything design it.
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What is H Cr2?
Arguments from analogy are weak: Just because X is like Y in one respect foes not mean it is like Y in another respect. The Universe is more like a vegetable than a machine (a Natural process).
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What is H Cr3?
The Universe is not like a watch: It is not man-made and not made through a process of trail and error like a machine
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What is H Cr4?
It is possible that the design occurred through random: The Epicurean hypotheses- random movements of finite number of atoms over an infinite time they will be ordered at some point.
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What is H Cr5?
The argument does not demonstrate a perfect being: More than one designer? Morally weak designer? Designer that lacks skills?
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Kant's Criticisms: what is K Cr1?
The design argument can conclude there is a worldly architect but not a designer who created everything. The watch-maker does not create things from nothing-they use pre-existing material.
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What is K Cr2?
The argument cannot prove a creator that contains all perfections - a watch-maker has skills and knowledge but not omnipotence, benevolence + omniscience as a theist prescribes to God.
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Kant had great respect for the design argument but he thought we could never move from _________ ______________ in the world to proving God'd existence and perfections.
Empirical Observations
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Quote from John Stewart Mill
'Everything, in short, which the worst men commit either against life or property is perpetrated on a larger scale by natural agents.'
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Why does Mill think this?
1)Nature is guilty of serious crimes. 2)The evil within nature is a reason to reject the notions of design. 3)Amount of goodness outweighed by the amount of suffering. 4) If there was a designer he would either be cruel or incompetent.
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Quote from Charles Darwin
'The old argument from design in nature, as given by Paley..... Failes now that law of natural selection has been discovered.'
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Why does Darwin think this?
1)Proposed theory of natural selection. 2)Apparent design is the result of random and natural processes. 3)The complexity of the World has come about over billions of years and is natural not designed by a designer.
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Swinburne put forward an argument because he believed Paley's argument caused __________
Problems
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He put it forward so in __________ problems
Avoided
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This was __________
Evolution
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Swinburne had two types of order in the Universe these were?
1)Spatial order 2) Temporal order
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Spatial order: The way in which different things exist at he same time in n ordered way, to serve a purpose. eg. ?
Eg. the parts of an eye.
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Temporal order: An orderlies in the way one thing follows another. The pattern of the way and object behaves over time eg ?
Eg. A stone falling to the ground.
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Swinburne's was criticized for his Spatial order argument for being too weak what was S Cr1?
Cr1= There is lots of disordered in the universe.
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S Cr2?
Cr2= Science can explain the emergence of order from disorder (evolution).
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Swinburne believes that Hume and Darwin's criticisms of Paley's design argument are _________
Correct
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Swinburne says there is a second type of explanation a '___________ explanation.'
personal
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Swinburne says we can explain human behavior the products of human activity in terms of a person, _______ agent.
free
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So how does this relate to God R1?
R1= Succession can occur both as natural phenomena, and as a result of free human action.
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R2?
Succession related to human action can be explained by the rational choices of a free agent.
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R3?
Succession of relation to the laws of nature cannot be explained scientifically however by analogy they can be explained by the rational choice of a free agent.
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R4?
Therefore the regularities of succession relating to laws pf nature are the product of a person (designer)
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R5?
Therefore a designer exists
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How does this deal with Hume, D1?
We have no experience of the World making - science makes progress by developing theories for things not yet observed.
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D2?
Appearance of design through random process (spatial order)
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D3?
Does not demonstrate a perfect being.
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D4?
Arguments from analogy are weak.
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Swinburne's strengths S1?
Gets around the challenge of evolution using regulates of succession
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S2?
Concede limitations but does prove the existence of an immensely powerful, intelligent, free, rational, disembodied agent.
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S3?
Builds on Aquinas'' argument
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Weaknesses Wea1?
Cannot prove the existence of a perfect being / Biblical God (Kant)
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Wea2?
Uses an analogy which can be seen as weak because one similarity does not prove all similarities (Hume.)
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Card 3

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Card 4

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What is P?

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Card 5

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