Carbonhydrates

• Sugars like monosaccharide glucose and fructose have hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups. (Behave like alcholes)
• Linear monosaccharides form hemiacetals when they cirularize, and when two monosaccharides bond to one another, they form acetal. 
• Fatty acids are very large carboxylic acids. 
• When fatty acid bonds to an alchol, an ester is formed 
• Proteins are polymers of amino acids/ 
• Each amino acid has an amino group and a carboxyl group , proteins the amino acids are joined by amide bonds 
• The nucleotides that make uo our genetic material, RNA and DNA, are large and complex

Monosaccharides

• Are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 
• Can be classified on the basis of the functional groups they contain 
• Monosaccharide with a keton group is a ketose 
• Ketose the carbonyl group is lactaed on the carbon-2 
• Aledhyde group is present, it is called an aldose 
• Aldose, teh carbonyl group is located on carbon-1

Stereoisoers and sterochemistry 

• The prefixes D and L found in the complete name of a monosaccharide are used to identify one of two possible isomeric forms called steriosomers 
• Each member of a pair of steroisomers must have the same molecular formula and the same bonding pattern 
• Steriochemistry is the study of the diffrent spatial arrangments of atoms. 
• General molecule C-abcd is formed from the bonding of a central carbon  to four diffrent groups, a,b,c,d 
• Results in two possible ways to arrange groups, rather than one
• Isomer is bounded through the exact same bonding patten, yet two molecules are not identical 
• If identical they would be superimposable 
• You can place the two molecules on top of one another and every atom and every bond of the two lie in the same space 
• They cannot be superimposed, they are steriosomers 
• Two steriosomers have a mirror image relationship that is analogous to the mirror-image relationship and right hands. 

• The ability to rotate plane-polarized light is called optical activity

Relationship between molecular structure and optical activity 

• Two enantiomers, which are idential to one another in all other chemical and physical properties, will rotate plane-polarized light to the same degree, but in opposite directions

Fischer projection formulas 

• The Fischer projection is a two dimernsional drawing of a molecule that shows a chiral carbon at the intersection of two lines 
• Horizontal lines represent bonds projecting out the page, and vertical lines represents bonds that project into the page.  

Racemic mixtures 

• A mixture of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers is called a racemic mixture, or a racemate. 
• Prefix (cross) is used to designate a racemic mixture 

Diasteomers 

• For a molecule of nchiral carbons, the manimum possible…