Unit 1 Geography- Restless earth

Convergant- When two plates collide- Oceanic will always go under- Eurasian and pacific

Divergant- when two plates are pulled apart- South American and African plate

Collision- when two continents collide- indo-Australian and Eurasian plate

Transform- Two plates slide past each other- Pacific plate and south American plate

Constructiv PB- Where two plates pull apart

Destructive PB- Where two different plates collide

Collision PB- Where two continental plates collide

Conservative PB- where two plates slide past each other

Lithosphere- underside of the crust

Constructive- Where two plates rip apart

Destructive- Where two different plates collide

Collision- where two continental plates collide

Conservative- Where two plates slide past each other

Submarine Volcanoes- Underwater Eruptions

Ocean ridge- Raised seabeds pushed up by magma

Volcanic island- islands of volcanic origin

• A rising convection current creates a hot spot below the continental crust which weakens it causing the plates to diverge causing the land to split apart

• As the continental crust splits the land begings to sink which forms a Rift Valley which has active volcanoes throughtout the length of the rift valley.

• The rift valley can collect water which can form giant lakes or flooding with sea water (only if near the coast)

Lava lake- lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava which is usually basaltic and it is contained in a volcanic vent

Lava Pillars- Lava pillars are hollow inside which forms a pipe like channel between the top and the bottom of a lava flow. They are also common within collapsed sheet flow terrian.

Hydrothermal vents- fissure in a planets surface which the geothermal heated water issues. Commonly found near active volacnoes.

Pillow lava- pillow shape lava that has been formed underwater. Volcanic rocks that are characterized by thick sequences of discontinuious pillow shaped masses.

• Alternating layers of lava and ash
• Destructive PB
• 1200 degreese celcius- flows slowly as it is sticky
• Steep with uneven sides
• Rave but very violent!

• Layers of coolded down lava
• Constructive PB
• 3000 degreese celcius- flows very fast and is runny
• low with gentle sloping sides
• Frequent but not that violent

• Wildlife deaths& hotsprings- CO2 kills squirrels- CO2+H2O= Carbonic acid, kills trees- sulphur causes 'stink'
• Inital quake/explosion- Buildings fall, bridges, motroways,power cuts,fires begin,Ash collum, Human panic=injury.
• Ash Fallout- Rains ash, settled on ground, turns day to night, deadly if breathed in.
• Volcanic bombs- Destroy anything, cause fires, block roads, kill all species.
• lava flows- Ignite houses, causes forest fires
• Lahar and Lahar 2- ash+water= cement, flows like water-takes out bridges
• Pyroclastic clouds- +300mph, 600 degrees C- Obliterates everything, Species get petrifed (turn to stone)

• Constructive PB
• Very Hot- 1200 Degreese C- runny
• Low silica content
• Longer time too cool-flows longer distances
• Retains its gas
• Gentle sloping landfomrs
• Frequent but gentle
• Lava and steam are ejected

• Destructive PB
• Less hot- 800 degreese C
• Slow flow
• High silica content
• Soon cools- flows very short distances
• Looses gasses quickly 
• Viscious
• Produces steep sides
• Less frequent- Very violent
• Ash rocks, gasses, steam and lava are ejected.

• Eurasian and Philippines plate
• Destructive PB
• 611 Years dormant
• Philiappines
• LEDC
• Andesitic
• Oceanic crust
• Plinian erupition
• VEI- 6

Primary

• Quake and eruption(small)
  
• Ash fallout- 50 miles
• 2am, Main eruption
• Pyroclastic clouds
• Ash Collum
• 20,000,000 tons of sulphur into the atmosphere.

Secondary

• Darkness
• Lahar-typhoon rain
• SO2 reflects suns energy globally 2 degrees C drop in temp for 2 years

Management

• Helicopter flyby
• 14,000 evacuated

• Eurasian and North American plate
• Contstructive PB
• 90 years dormant
• Iceland
• MEDC
• Basaltic
• Core
• Volcanian eruption/ Strombolian eruption
• VEI= 4

Priamry

• 3000 micro quakes
• ash cloud- 17km high into the sky
• lava flows
• 7 month eruption

Secondary

• if there was 3000 micro quakes- causes panic/chaos in the town
• 17km ash cloud would impact on planes as they would be grounded- cant fly
• People would inhale ash air- goes into lungs hardens them which would eventull kill them.
• Six months to repir and get back to normal
• ash on the road stops cars-emergancy services
• ash in air causes it to become darker

Management

• 22 March 2010- evacuation plan in place.

Disaster event - Emergancy response

• fire crews, medical staff, rescue team, army support, food supplies, shelter protection

Relief- Mend Scars

• Loss management, support network

Reconstruction-Rebuild

• learn from mistakes, using modern technologies in construction

Migration- Rescue the impact

• Relocate people away, strengthen structers, planning restrictions

Preparedness-Being ready

• Governments, Comminuties, individuals

• LEDC
• 12th May 2008 2:48pm
• Collision PB
• 7-7.9 richeter scale

Primary

• 80% of houses collapsed
• roads, train lines, factories,landslides, rock slides, schools, hospitals

Secondary

• 70,000 deaths
• 19,000 missing people
• 5 million homeless
• 245,000 injured

Secondary Effects- Urban Area

• No work, landslides
• Toxic clouds from factories
• Rivers blocked, resures couldnt get anywhere
• roads blocks- people slept in streets.

Short and long term responses

• Abandoned settlements,
• relocated survivers
• Parachuted soilders in

• MEDC
• 17th January 1995, 5:46am
• Destructive PB
• Shallow
• 7.2 richter scale

Primary

• 200,00 buildings collapsed
• Bridges, train lines, quays, motorways/roads

Secondary

• 5500 deaths- hypothermia, burnt, panicked
• 230,000 homeless
• 40,000 injured 

Secondary effects- Urban Area

• Electricity, gas, water supplies disrupted.
• Traffic jams, delaying abulances and fire engines,
• Broken pipes caused fires,
• Buildings pancaked, flooors dropped down

Secondary effect- Economic

• City council pay- roads motorways
• Home insurance- building houses

Short and long term responses

• Water, gas, phone services- fully operated by July
• Commerical buildings- August
• 7 months to repair everything

• 'Birdcage' interlocks steel frame
• outer panels flexibility attached to steel structure
• Fire ressistant building materials
• Roads to provide quick access for emergancy services
• Rubber shock absobers to asorb earth eremors
• Foundations sunk into bedrock avoiding clay
• Open areas where people can assemble if evacuated
• Automatic window shutters to prevent glass smashing
• Steel frames that sway during earth movement
• Computer controlled weights on roof to reduce movement

Richter Scale- a measure of how much the ground shakes, scale 1-9

Mercalli Scale- measure of the damage done, scale 1-12