topic two: war of the barons advanced info

-October 1459 = Margaret called a Parliament and summoned all nobles minus York.

-York offered terms to the King but Henry rejected and offered a pardon if they surrendered within 6 days.
-York refused and Henry marched on Ludlow.
-Ludlow Castle: York gathered forces (sons, Earls of March and Rutland, Earl of Salisbury and force from Neville's northern land, joined by Warwick and 600 men, led by Andrew Trollope.)
-They only had half the men Henry had brought (15,000 men and 20 leading Nobles, so Trollope deflected to the Lancastrian side.) Yorkist soldiers submitted and were pardoned.
-York fled to Ireland with his younger son. Earl of Rutland.
-Earl of March went with Warwick and Salisbury to Calais.

-Had been replaced as Captain of Calais by Duke of Somerset JR. but ordered firing on Somerset's ships.
-Somerset continued to try and take Calais but failed.
-kept informed of Somerset's actions by supporters in Kent
-Warwick captured Somerset's fleet of ships in Sandwich and took them to Calais.
-In March, he went to Ireland for two months and Lancastrians lacked the strength to re-take Calais.
-June 1460 - Invasion of Sandwich by Warwick and March - Warwick was admitted into Canterbury and blessed by the
Archbishop. The mayor of London was persuaded, by popular feeling, to open the gates to Warwick and his army, now numbering 40,000. People like Lord Cobham decided to support them

10th July 1460
-Lancastrians=10-15,000 men at arms, Duke of Buckingham, Sir Humphrey Stafford=Lancastrian left flank. Shrewsbury, Lord Egremont and Beaumont=center. Lord Grey of Ruthin=right flank.
-Yorkist= Lord Falkenberg= left flank. Earl of Warwick holding the center. Earl of March and Duke of Norfolk=right flank.
-Rainfall put guns out and treachery of deference of Lord Grey undermined position of Lancastrians. Left them in a desperate position. Battle lasted no more than 30 minutes after this.
-Warwick knew in advance of Grey, ordered his men not to kill anyone wearing his badge
-Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Shrewsbury. Lord Egremont and Beaumont were slain
-The King was Captured.
-Yorkists triumphed

-York ensured that lancastrians were replaced with yorkist counterparts.

George Neville became chancellor

-Viscount Bourchier became treasurer

-John Neville was made chamberlain of the King's household

24th October 1460

-Securing Henry's reign for a lifetime but also the succession of York and his heirs

-York had the king, and equally important he had troops stationed around the capital and outside Westminster.
-The nobles in Parliament were in a difficult situation, forced to play a part in events many would rather stay out of, even the Neville's seemed to think York had gone further than they planned.
-Parliament took over two weeks to decide what to do and eventually settled on a compromise, the Act of Accord, passed on 25th October 1460.
-York was bestowed with the titles and lands of the heir apparent, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall and Lord Protector of England.
-Henry, in York's possession in London, had little choice but to sign the Act. The growing power of York also attracted support, powerful men such as the John Mowbray, the Duke of Norfolk, who had previously kept out of events, threw his support behind the Yorkists.
-Act would never be accepted by most Lancastrians who saw this usurpation as denying the rights of an anointed king and his dynasty.
-Margaret had fled to Wales and then moved on to Scotland. However, her supporters were gathering in England and when York heard Lancastrian forces had massed in the North, he wasted no time gathering a force and marching out to meet them. York would never return.

The Act of Accord effectively made York heir to the throne, and thus disinherited Henry's son, Edward of Westminster. York was bestowed with the titles and lands of the heir apparent, and was named Protector of England and would govern as this. It was not a matter of cordial agreement and it pushed further political uncertainty. York's opponents felt vindicated that they had been correct in their assumptions, and felt indignation at York's ambition and its consequences. Lancastrians saw this as a usurpation which denied the rights of the anointed King. The uncertainty ignited a breakdown of law and order, in the North and the plotting and actions in Scotland
- EVEN WARWICK COULDN'T SUPPORT YORK IN THIS REGARD + ARCHBISHOP BOURCHIER REFUSED TO PPT AT THE CORONATION

- October = Duke of Somerset, with the Earl of Devon, the Earls of Northumberland, Westmorland and Lancastrian lords at Hull, mustered his forces
-York and Salisbury left London,
-30th December 1460 = the Battle of Wakefield concluded in the death of Richard, his son Earl of Rutland and the son of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Neville.
-Salisbury was taken alive and beheaded at Pontefact.
-taken to York and their severed heads were displayed across the walls of the city.
- York's head was given a paper crown, a mockery of his royal ambitions and pretension

-One of Margaret's chief supporters was the Duke of Somerset (the son of deceased Somerset) who she had almost taken under her wing and mentored.
-Furthermore, she had the support of Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke. The Earl of Northumberland (son) was also a clear supporter of Anjou.
- Furthermore, the Duke of Exeter supported Margaret of Anjou, as did the Earl of Devon, who had switched allegiances to her from York, similarly to Andrew Trollope, who had defected at the Rout at Lud-ford Bridge. Her supporters largely came from the enemies of York (eg Earl of Shrewsbury and Earl of Wiltshire, son of Lord Clifford etc.)

-Anjou based herself in York and began gathering forces, so York had no choice but to confront her
- The Lancastrian army was headed by the Duke of Somerset and the Earl of Northumberland. Furthermore, Lord Clifford played a pivotal role as part of the Lancastrian party, as did Andrew Trollope, the Earl of Devon and the Duke of Exeter

-The Yorkists moved to block Queen Margaret's march southward. Warwick established his defenses just north of St Albans
-Learning of Warwick's substantial defenses, on the evening of 16th February Margaret veered her Lancastrian army sharply west, capturing the town of Dunstable. The Lancastrians then used the cover of darkness to move south-east, arriving in St Albans early in the morning on 17th February.
-Margaret had effectively outflanked Warwick's defenses.
- The fierce hand-to-hand fighting continued for several hours, but without reinforcements the Yorkist archers were eventually overcome.
-Realizing that he had been outmaneuvered, Warwick ordered a tactical withdrawal, marching his remaining force of around 4,000 men to Chipping Norton in Oxford-shire. Many Yorkist fell in the retreat and Montagu, Warwick's brother, was captured by Lancastrian forces.
-As they retreated the Yorkists left behind a little present for Margaret - her husband King Henry, who is said to have enjoyed the battle sitting under a tree, singing.

-17th February, 1461

-Lancastrians: Somerset, Northumberland, Clifford and Andrew Trollope.
-Casualties: Lancastrians around 2,000, Yorkists approximately 4,000
-Commanders: Margaret of Anjou (Lancastrians), Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 'The Kingmaker' (Yorkists)
-Captain Lovelace switched from Yorkist to Lancastrian as when he was captured at Wakefield, they spared him on the condition he betray the Yorkists
-Henry had little authority after the battle, he had promised Lord Bonville and Sir Thomas Kyrill safety but they were executed on Margaret's orders, and her 8 year old son was giving the honor of issuing them.

-York and Warwick met in Oxfordshire
-York and Warwick went to London on 27th February 1461
-Edward had to be appointed King as there was no other option, they had to legitimize Yorkist rule that wasn't on behalf of the King. Edward was crowned on the 4th March 1461 after using the act of accord as a justification, and was done so via moving through parliament
-Warwick was the role of the King-maker

- October = Duke of Somerset, with the Earl of Devon, the Earls of Northumberland, Westmorland and Lancastrian lords at Hull, mustered his forces
-York and Salisbury left London,
-30th December 1460 = the Battle of Wakefield concluded in the death of Richard, his son Earl of Rutland and the son of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Neville.
-Salisbury was taken alive and beheaded at Pontefact.
-taken to York and their severed heads were displayed across the walls of the city.
- York's head was given a paper crown, a mockery of his royal ambitions and pretension

-After marrying his daughter Anne to Henry and Margaret's son, Warwick returned to England; forcing Edward IV into exile.

-This restored Henry VI to the throne on 3 October 1470; the term "readeption" is still sometimes used for this event.