The definition of Knowledge
- Created by: Jealousoatmeal
- Created on: 21-02-17 22:26
Types of Knowledge
Practical Knowledge - know-how
Knowedge by aquaintance - Know -of
Propositional knowledge - know that
JTB
Justified
True - external
Belief
The belief Condition
Belief - Fallible
Knowledge - infallible
Incompatible?
We seperate the two when speaking - for emphasis
Knowledge is more about actions than beliefs
- e.g guessing something right on a test without belief = knowledge?
- choice implies belief
Knowledge without assenst
- e.g driving example
- know how - irrelevant - can be turned to propositional knowledge - nonsensical without belief.
The truth condition
Kinds essential - external
e.g flat Earth 'knew' = 'was convinced' even with good evidence and conviction still not corresponding with the world
Justification
Seperates from lucky guesses
What about dates guy?
well that's still kinda just guesses really. Just cos he can repeat it doesn't give it more credibility.
What is good justification as well?
Gettier Example
S + J apply for a job
S told by boss J will get it
J has 10 coins in his pocket (s counted)
The man with 10 coins in his pocket will get the job
S gets the job and happens to have 10 coins
JTB but not 'knowledge' because of the luck element
- not good justification - what is?
- leads to infallibilism
Fake Barn
Barney is driving through Fake Barn County
Isn't paying attention but looks up and sees the only real barn
concludes there is a barn
does he know?
Intuition suggests no because of the element of chance
JTB + FEELING OF CERTAINTY
jtb + feeling of certainty = knowledge
- subjective
- doesn't prevent Gettier - S is certain
- doubt does not effect knowledge
JT(B) + INFALLIBLE
jt(b) + infallibilism = knowledge
'the guarantee condition'
Only undoubtable things are knowledge e.g Cogito and Tautologies and internal things
no gettier
'clear and distinct ideas' - descartes
- very limitting
- fails in being a theory of knowledge that doesn't just collapse into certainty
- solipsism
- b = infallibility
- k= belief
JTB + NO RELEVANT ALTERNATIVES
Weaker version of infallibilism
strong justification to rule out other alternatives
quite open as there is always something - blurry
still gettier
knowledge is essentially unreachable
K = JTB+ N
LEMMA - a belief or assumption
extra external element
prevents standard Gettier - S has false lemmas
fails against the clock
No essential false assumptions
Like lemmas - bit infallibilism-esque
kills clock because you are assuming it is working which is not necessarily the case
Lycan - accepts barns
assumption - tacit unconscious
lemma - explicit part
RTB
A reliable process is essential to generating true beliefs that can be called knowledge
reliable process replaces justification - criticised as not the same thing
what counts as r? - good as it can be flexible
justification definition can be circular
reliable process is external and deals in causes
justification is internal and deals with reasons
criticism can be a strength depending on intuition - e.g dates dude, animals have knowledge with RTB.
RTB + gettier
good becuase 'luck' is removed
can be too broad or narrow but flexibility is a strength
not good with fake barn because there's no issue with the process
a response would be to consider that in context the processes in play become less reliable.
kinda gets blurry
VTB + AAA rating
Virtue underlies knowledge - The focus is on the reliable source .
A reliable dispostition in an agent = good knowledge
Ernest Sosa's AAA rating
Accuracy - true belief
Adroit - a belief formed by a reliable cognitive process - intellectual virtue
Apt - true becuase of the other two As - not becuase of change. it comes from intellectual knowlege
Clock Gettier Style
A clock has stopped
I walk past and see that it is at 12pm
I therefore think it is 12pm
it is 12 pm so I'm right
I have JTB
Virtue Epistemology + Gettier + other
Standard Gettier involves luck and therefore is not apt so deals with Gettier
Barney meets the AAA rating = knowledge
Sosa - it's animal knowledge - no awareness of context
this is talking about knowing you have knowledge not having knowledge
Reflective Knowledge
- The ability to refelcts on our claim to know things
Meta- Beliefs
- beliefs about beliefs
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