Subjunctive

Indicative Mood
certainty and objectivity

Subjunctive Mood
uncertainty and subjectivity

- expressions of probability or possibility e.g. es posible/probable; quizás/a lo mejor

- verbs of influence + que + subjunctive (aconsejar, causar, conseguir, evitar, impedir, exigir, mandar, ordenar, necesitar, pedir, permitir, prohibir, querer, desear, rogar) HOWEVER verbs  in which the subject and object are the same follow the indicative (e.g. me permite ir al bano?) verbs that are constructed with an indirect object pronoun also follow the indicative (e.g. te voy a ayudar con sus deberes)

- emotional reactions and value judgments + que + subjunctive (e.g. gustar, encantar, preferir, apenar, enfadar, importar) OR constructions like es importante / lógico / natural que ; these verbs can also appear with 'de que' 

For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c when it comes before the letter e.

empezar (e:ie)

empiece
empieces
empiece
empecemos
empecéis
empiecen

For verbs that end in -ger or -gir, the g changes to j when it comes before the letter a.

escoger

escoja
escojas
escoja
escojamos
escojáis
escojan

elegir (e:i)

elija
elijas
elija
elijamos
elijáis
elijan

For verbs that end in -guir, the gu changes to g when it comes before the letter a.

seguir (e:i)

siga
sigas
siga
sigamos
sigáis
sigan

For verbs that end in -car, the c changes to qu when it comes before the letter e.

buscar

busque
busques
busque
busquemos
busquéis
busquen

For verbs that end in -gar, the g changes to gu when it comes before the letter e.

pagar

pague
pagues
pague
paguemos
paguéis
paguen

For verbs that end in uir, add the letter y before the letter a.

huir

huya
huyas
huya
huyamos
huyáis
huyan

- subjunctive following negative opinions (with verbs of opinion or perception) e.g. niego, eso no significa, no creo/pienso/opino + que + subjunctive

- expressions of doubt e.g. dudar que + subjunctive

- el hecho de que / el que / que (the fact that); used when expressing a value judgment or emotional reaction e.g. el hecho de que sea tan guapa me tiene preocupada