Stuart Britain

Bishops War

• Scots opposing Charles' imposition of Laudiansim
• Allowed Scots to call religious Assembly 1638
• Proceed to annual canon laws & abolish episcopacy

Covenanters - did not trust Charles = kept army reduced amount of royal power in Scotland

• C1's position changed
• 1637 - armed themselves when asked to read LPB

Treaty of Ripon

• Agreed to Pay living costs of Scottish Army / Charles called for another Parliament

Charles - would not back down in response to October revolt / Moderates = radicals

Scottish petition movement - SNC = radical Presbyterians = manifesto to unite people against Charles

Fiscal Feudalism

• Monopolies allowed grants to corporations £33,000
• Forest Fines
• Land fines
• Recusancy fines =income increased from £5300 - £26866
• Customs duties = tonnage & poundage granted for 1 year - C1 continued to collect it
• Distraint of Knighthood = land owning income £40 per year
• Those who had not seen / received a KH a coronation = fined

Ireland

• 1629 - politically divided
• Policy of plantation - land taken by English crown & given to English settlers
• Laudiansim is seen as too close to Catholicism
• Threatened Protestants
• 1637 Scottish Rebellion - prompted Irish Catholics to act

Thomas Wentworth 1632

• Increasing customs duty to allow English Crown to gain profit
• Advised Charles to call a short Parliament
• Suceeded in enhancing authority of English Crown & Church over Irish

Announcement of illegality of ship money = won over the Commons

Long term solution could only be achieved if Charles made concessions with Parliament

Charles' decision to face Scots without Parliament = tensions & development of CW

• Unity about ending abuses of PR
• Judgement for crown by narrow majority = politically costly for Charles

Hampden Case 1637

• Refusal to pay ship money
• Closely connected with those who oppose Charles' regime
• Prosecution would make a point that authority should be obeyed

Charles' Anti-Spanish Policy

• Financial support for Protestant Dutch
• Naval Attack on Spain aimed at capturing their shipments of gold from SA
• Had to resort to other prerogative methods
• Financial support for Christian IV of Denmark to attack Catholics through northern Germany
• Granted customs tax for 1 year only

Raising Prerogative Income worried PN

• Greater possiblity of monarch becoming indepedent & politically absolutist
• Court spending at a double than before
• Difficult for crown to govern efficiently = conduct an aggressive FP
• Dependent on PN for substantial funds
• James' extravagance - political problem
• 3 subsidies £44,000  - 3 Scottish friends

• TYW = called on Parliament for subsidies & war broke out between Charles & Parliament
• Financial weaknesses threatened to become a political problem - FEB 1611 - James dissolved Parliament
• MPs were reluctant to give reform that was needed
• Positive Patronage = crucial to political system

Failure to reform finances in E's reign led to inflation & crowns finances growing

• Bad Harvests 1623 & 1624 = weakened crowns finances
• Not enough money raised & damaged rep of crown (Cockayne Project failed to help crowns finances)
• 1603 - crown still in debt
• 1604 - Treaty of London - peace with Spain reduced Crown's expediture
• 1610 Contract collapsed & Crown & Parliament distrusted eachother

Issues In 1621

Religion

• MPs - unsettled with becoming at peace with Spain
• Dawry
• TYW - Protestants & Catholics = series of wars = religious divide

Finance

• England = not trading well with partners
• Monopolies = exploited by many courtiers = to attack eachother
• Politics = indication about factional fighting
• Statute of monopolies = limited the crowns right to grant monopolies

Issues in 1621

Favourites

• Buckngham, Cranfield, Coke

Foreign Policy

• Failure of Madrid Trip 1624 - MPs were reluctant to give funds
• Monarchs prerogative - Parliament have no right to discuss it
• J1 = implied MPs talked about FP to frighten Spanish
• Spanish Match - anti Spanish sentiment from Parliament
• Prince Charles & Buckingham involvement = converted to anti-spanish policy & led to start of Anglo-Spanish War

Main Parliamentary Grievances

Taxation

• FP failure Cadiz
• MPs = concerned with illegality of extra parliamentary taxation
• Charles asking for more & more money

FKC

• 76 people imprisoned for refusal to pay forced loan
• Judgement not general right
• JE - TOL = considered to create a Bill of Rights
• Upheld Charles' prerogative
• General had to falsify the records to state King had general right

Main Parliamentary Grievances

Martial Law

• To stop soldiers from being billeted in the South West
• Overruled all other laws
• Too much absolutism for gentry

Billeting

• Civillians = house & feed soldiers meant to get paid
• Troops raised for war in Europe - billeted with local popualtion
• 'Free quarter'

Great Contract 1610

• Cecil negotiating with parliament - reform of parliaments
• Crown debt = £280,000 & annual expenditure £511,000

Book of Rates

• Official valuations of those items on which customs duties should be paid

Sought annual subsidy - £200,000 in exchange for feudal rights

• James would give up prerogative income from wardship
• Parliament prorogued for the summer

Feudal System of Rule

• From 1066 , Monarchs had the right to grant land to members of the PN

Robert Cecil sought to increase income & cut James' spending

James agreement 1608 - 1609 = did not keep

Crown had right to levy impositions = source of revenue & means of regulating trade

Impositions - 1606 court judgement declaring crown had absolute prerogative to issue important issues

Character of James I

• Believed in his importance
• Views on monarchy brought him into conflict with Parliament
• Firm belief of divine right of kings
• Interest in new concepts about mental & physical diseases
• Affected by early years as a boy Scotland
• Rough hawn manner & natural paranoia
• Guarded manner - parents were killed
• Believed kings took authority from God

Character of Charles I

• Good linguistic & a sensitive man of refined tastes
• Power - confined to king & not shared out between others
• Tensions between king & parliament
• Spent alot on the arts = Van Dyk & Rubens
• Reserved self righteous = concept for royal authority (DROK)
• DROK - order could be achieved by the king acting out a role
• Reform of royal court =  create an ideal society for subjects to emulate (conform to clear ideals)

Courts

• James = politically skillful & court = open & lively
• Early dominance of bed chamber by the scots
• Model for what could be achieved
• Charles - politically shy & court = microcosm of miniature version of his state

Personalities

• Both believers in the divine right to rule
• James = intellectual, enjoyed debate & dealing with the people = pragmatic
• James = outgoing, effectionate & talkative
• Charles = painfully shy, aloof, quiet & cold

Interests

• James = more intellectual whereas Charles enjoyed the arts
• Duke of Buckingham

Powers of the Monarch

• Almost absolutist
• Top of the hierarchy
• Power over foreign diplomacy
• Legislation = right to call & dissolve parliament
• Commander-in-chief of military
• Head of PN

LImitations of Monarch

• Limits on monarchs income
• Relied on justices of peace
• Funds had to go through parliament
• Need of PN
• Parliament had to grant subsidies for the monarch - control of financial resources

Hampton Court Conference

• 1604
• Response to the millenary petition
• No bishop no king = James mistakenly thought puritan Reynolds advocated abolition of episcopacy
• Many believed James was hostile to Puritans
• Religious conference
• KJB

Shirley's Case

• 1604
• Shirley arrested for debt
• Arrest upset MP's
• Royal prerogative vs Parliamentary power
• Keen to establish parliamentary power of freedom

Bancfrofts Canons

• September 1604
• Gov - full support of church laws
• Church laws upheld many orthodox doctrines & litergies
• Condemned by Puritans in P

Parliamentary Privilege

• Legal immunity enjoyed by members of parliament that allows them to freely speak during proceedings
• Parliament can function effectively
• James can exploit powers by controlling parliament
• No fear of legal action - raising controversial questions & debates

Buckinghamshire Election

• 1604
• Goodwin
• James = commons were acting illegally in allowing an outlaw to sit as an MP
• Matter of constitutional dispute over balance between parliamentary privilege & prerogative

Favourites

• MPs focused on abuse of monopolies as a means to attack Buckingham
• Encouraged  parliament to impeach Bacon
• Exploited by many courtiers Coke, Bacon & Cranfield
• Monopolies = indication of factional fighting

Addled Parliament - 1614

• Lasted no more than 8 weeks as called on parliament for funds
• Factional conflict & emergence of competing groups
• Financial need after death of Cecil

Five Members Coup - Jan 1642

• Announced impeachement of Pym, Hampden
• Demonstration against Charles
• Led to physical division of Crown & parliament = conflict
• Coup strengthened parliamentary radicals
• Lords accepted commons vote of impeachement - loss of significant royalist support

Exclusion Bill

• Popular support encouraged by petitioning & campaigning
• Pressure of London Crowd lessened the influence of King on Parliament
• February 1642  

Militia Ordinance - Feb 1642

• Parliament able to assume control of the armed forces
• Able to do appointing without royal assent
• Appointed lord lieutenants & their deputies by authority of parliament

Commissions of Array

• Response to MO & led to conflict from radicals on both sides
• Charles used prerogative powers to raise armed forces
• Sent to counties = meant they were authorised to raise forces for the crown

Nineteen Prepositions - June 1642

• Stated Parliaments demands for a negotiated settlement
• 5 MP's to be pardoned e.g. FMC
• Answer to this was written on behalf of the king
• C1 had to accept TA & MO

Pym Reforms

• Parliament - combined executive with representative authority & developed methods for running country without king - creating new structures
• Persuaded members to accept a formal alliance with the solemn league & covenanters
• 21,000 men sent to England to help parliament

Control of Navy

• Parliament are able to supply forces
• Prevents Charles from receiving supplies

New Model Army

• Regularly trained, paid & experienced soldiers = never to be defeated
• Civil war became war of attrition ( armies gradually wear down eachothers strengths)
• Motivated by Puritan religion

Parliamentary Control of London

• Administration - took advantage of an already established centre of admin
• Propaganda & finances -parliament have access to resources & have more support
• Port = London industry & chief industrial centre

Reasons for defeat due to Charles

Charles' leadership

• indicisive in following through on initial promises at start of the war

Court divisions

• Differing viwes e.g. Hyde as he advised continuing attempts to settle with parliament
• HM= counselled a continued war until total victory was achieved

Charles - poor military leader by appointing himself commander-in-chief

• He did not listen to or act on best advice

Reasons for defeat due to Charles

COW Oxford

• Oxford suffered from limited authority with royalist commanders
• COWB - set up by Charles which removed capable men from the COWO
• Charles - wasn't able to communicate with relevant people & did not listen to COW

Reliance on Foreign Aid

• Use of Rupert & Maurice left him open to attack
• Negotiating with France & Pope = propaganda for parliament which was published in the Kings cabinet opened

Earl of Newcastle

• Did not march his northern royalist army to support London attack 1643

Nineteen Prepositions challenged authority

• Parliament raises army so charles cannot use army against them
• Parliament - raise children so their is no catholic heir
• Church reform = no Laudianism = no absolutism & personal rule
• Offspring cannot get married unless they have parliamentary permission
• Laws enforced against catholics = eradication of Protestants

Growth of Opposition

• London Crowd = used by radical MPs e.g. Pym to put pressure on the Lords to exclude Bishops
• Such a threat that C1 feared his and his family safety
• London Crowd came out to defend the TOL in 1641
• Becoming more & more involved in politics

Pym

Methods

• Using parliamentary committees to steer parliament towards settlement
• Impeachment of Wentworth & Laud
• Supporting Bedfords bridge appointments scheme
• Formation of working alliance with Scottish Covenanters
• Using parliamentary financial pressures to control Charles' political options
• Getting parliament to transfer to itself some key pp

King Pym - indication of prominence & for public & Westminster

• Pyms junto - Pym & allies had become new ruling power
• Visible & vocal face of increasingly radical attack on C1
• Symbol as how Parliament became more of a threat to moderates than C1

Interdependence

• Billiard ball effect
• Parliament were divided over whether Charles could be trusted or not
• Cause & effect
• Rebellion - prompted by events in Scotland & Ireland
• Radicalised situationin England

Irish Rebellion 1641-42

• Catholicism fear = protestant English
• Massacre = supposed plan Wentworth would bring English army
• Politicians may become radicalised & determined to avenge protestant massacre

Radicalisation affected development of support for monarchy from moderate MPs

Treaty of Ripon led to Irish Rebellion