Respiration

• Anabolic reactions (state subunits and bonds)
  • DNA replication 
  • protein synthesis
  • glycogen synth
  • lipid synth
• photosynthesis
  • Light Ind. Rx in conversion GP to TP and regeneration of RuBP
• Active transport
  • Like the Na+-K+ pump in animals in reabsorption in PCT and nerve impulses transmission
  • absorption of food
  • loading of sucrose
  • absorption of minerals
• Exo/Endo cytosis
• Movement and muscle contraction and movement of cilia and vessicles
• maintenance of body temp

• immediate energy donor
• intermediate between energy yielding and requiring reactions
• water soluble and small--> easily diffuses withing the cell
• rapid turnover rate
• easily hydrolysed to release large amount of energy equal 30.5 kj/mol sufficient for cells reaction
• stable mol. over a range of ph 
• hydrolysed in presence of ATPase
• Pi is a good leaving group

      ----->

ATP         ADP+Pi+30.5 kj/mol

      <-----

Def:Release of energy from the break down of respiratory substrates in presence or absence of oxygen and it's used to synthesize ATP

Stages:

• Glycolysis
• Link Rx
• Krebs cycle
• Oxidative phosphorylation 

 Products:Total 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NAD red, 2 pyruvate,Phosphorylation,lysis,in cytoplasm, small yield of ATP

• Glucose is energy rich
• but stable
• so ATP gives it phosphate to provide it with Ea
• form fructose bisphosphate that is unstable and undergoes lysis to become triosephosphate
• traps glucose inside cell and prevents it from leaving
  • too large to pass through GLUT4 channels
  • cannot cross the membrane
  • no channels for it
• maintain conc. gradient for more glucose to diffuse in

x2

decarboxylase, dehydrogenase

*acetyl group reacts with oxaloacetate 

*occurs only if O2 is available

Total products:

2 CO2

2NADH+ H+

2 Acetyl CoA

• pyruvate is converted to acetylCoA in links rx
• NAD needed in Link Rx where it gets reduced
• reduced NAD goes to ETC to get oxidised
• ETC only works when O2 is available as it's the final H+ and e' acceptor
• so reduced nad is oxidised and allows link rx to continue

TOTAL: 4 CO2, 6NAD red, 2 FAD red,2 ATP

mention place, enzymes, numbers of intermediate comp,subst linked phosph,regenerate oxaloacetate, numbers of intermediates, location,

• Provide H+
• forms reduced NAD
• NAD is its coenzyme
• reduced NAD passes to the ETC and energy least pump protons. Into the intermembrane space. Protons diffuse back through ATP synthase, stimulating it, activating ATP synthesis, and synthesizing ATP by chemiosmosis. In the process of oxidative phosphorylation catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase, here oxygen is the final proton and electron acceptor, forming water.

 By chemiosmosis, 28 ATP produced, proton gradient, ETC carriers, redox Rx, cytochrome oxidase, e' move downhill, 3H+ for one ATP, equation of ATP. NAD--> 2.5 ATP FAD-->1.5 ATP

• It is coenzyme for the dehydrogenase enzyme
• it acts as a hydrogen carrier that gets reduced in glycolysis so TP becomes oxidised to produce pyruvate,reduced in link Rx so pyruvate oxidised to Acetyl, Both NAD and FAD reduced in krebs cycle to regenerate oxaloacetate, and moves to the inner membrane of mitochondria to enter the ETC, to be oxidised and release hydrogen to split into H+ and e', ATP is syntheised by chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation where e' pass through etc.....H+ pumped into IMS.....NAD and FAD regenerated, allow glycolysosis,link,krebs to continue. Role in anaerobic respiration.

Decarboxylase: removes CO2 from intermediates in Link rx and krebs cycle and CO2 is a waste product

Dehydrogenase: act on respiratory substrates releasing hydrogen atoms that will be carried by their coenzyme NAD and FAD

Coenzyme A: reacts with acetyl group from link reaction forming acetylCoA, to deliver acetyl to oxaloacetate in krebs cycle.

Oxygen: allows oxidative phosphorylation as it is the final H+ and e' acceptor, and gets reduced to water, allows ETC to continue.

Cytochrome oxidase: Final electron carrier in ETC it catalyses the reaction of O2 with e' (and H+) where it allows E' to leave ETC. Inhibited by cyanide.

O2 is the final H+ and e' acceptor in the ETC and is reduced to form water, so in the absence of oxygen the ETC stops so no energy to Pump H+ into IMS, no proton gradient , no ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis.

Oxygen is the final proton and electron acceptor. It gets reduced to form water  so in the absence of oxygen the ETC stops so reduce NAD will not be oxidized so link reaction and Krebs cycle stop.

Fat is broken down in the liver to glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids are oxidized in the liver. Mitochondria to Acetyl Co A. Oxaloacetate in liver is not enough to combine with all the acetyl Co A. Molecules. Excess Acetyl Co A will be converted to ketone bodies and transported into the blood.  In proteins, keto acids are the ones converted.

Lipids release for the same mass, the highest energy than proteins followed by carbohydrates. Lipids release. As in the table UNITT. Lipids release more than twice the energy released by the same mass of carbohydrates. This is because lipids have more carbon hydrogen bonds than  carbohydrates. They are more reduced, so we'll have more hydrogen atoms per one molecule. By this there will be more reduced net and fat formed per one molecule. Continue as in oxidative phosphorylation. Most energy comes from oxidation of hydrogen to water. Lipids have a higher energy density.

Net of two ATP molecules. Happens in the cytoplasm. Decarboxylation. Irreversible. Ethanol dehydrogenase. 2 steps.

Net of two ATP molecules. Happens in the cytoplasm. Pyruvate acts as a hydrogen carrier. Reduced to lactate while lactate dehydrogenase. Reversible. One step. Allows glycolysis to continue. Oxygen is needed for oxygen debt. But not in plants.

• Releases less ATP per glucose molecule to ATP vs 32 ATP in aerobic respiration.
• Lactate and ethanol still contain energy. As glucose is not fully oxidized. lactate would cause oxygen debt.
• End products are toxic and damaged cells when they accumulate.

Oxygen debt

Oxygen is repaid to the body after exercise. To replace the shortage in oxygen during exercise. It is used to oxidize. Lactate 2 pyruvate. Reoxygenation of. Hemoglobin and myoglobin. If pyruvate is not needed by the liver cells, then it will change to glycogen if needed. Then it will enter the mitochondria and will be used in aerobic respiration, also used to restore creatinine phosphate in muscles,used to  support high metabolic rates of organs. The oxygen that is also called excess post exercise oxygen consumption. Which is why we continue to breathe more deeply after exercise. We breathe deeply before exercise for the oxygen deficit. O2 debt vol = O2 deficit vol

Anaerobic respiration releases less ATP than aerobic respiration per glucose molecule. ATP releases energy on hydrolysis. This energy is not enough for vital activities of the yeast cell and the yeast cell has to metabolize more glucose due to anaerobic respiration.

Protons in the matrix of the mitochondria are actively pumped into the intermembrane space. Decreasing their concentration in the matrix.When protons diffuse back into the matrix, they are carried by oxygen to form water. suitable ph optimum for enzymes, separate from cytoplasm ph

• Lactate produced taken to the liver
• The liver converts the lactate to pyruvate and then converted to glucose and stored as glycogen or aerobic resp conitnues
• CO2 produced dec blood ph detected by chemorecpetors in brain hypothalamus and CO2 transported to alveoli excreted via the high breathing rate
• haemoglobin acts as a buffer for CO2

mention ETC carriers and stalked particles and ph and separation from cytoplasm and enzymes,

RQ= Vol of CO2 produced/ vol of O2 consumed per unit time

shows type of respiration

shows respiratory substrate used

Carbs-->1.0

fats-->0.7

protein--> 0.9

carbs and lipids-->0.8

more than 1 -->anaerobic and aerobic

infinity--> anaerobic