Population and settlement

- two things affect the population size of the world

• birth rate- number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
• death rate- number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

- natural increase= birth rate>death rate. 

- natural decrease= death rate>birth rate 

population size of a country is also affected by migration- movement of people from one area to another 

DTM- demographic transition model shows 5 stages of population growth experienced by a country

• 1- tribes- high death and birth rate so zero pop growth rate
• 2- LEDC's- death rate falls rapidly so rapid natural increase- pop growth rate high 
• 3- LEDC's/NIC's- birth rate also falls- still natural increase but less, pop growth rate inc
• 4- MEDC's- low birth and death rate (fluctuating) so pop size high and pop growth rate low
• 5- eg Japan- birth rate falls- natural decrease so pop size decreases and pop gr is -ve

- A country's population structure is how many people there are of each age group in the population and how many of each sex 

- shown on a population pyramid 

• LEDC's pop pyramids- typical pyramid as high br and low life expectancy
• MEDC's pop pyramids- barrel shaped as br decreases and death rate decreases so LE inc

-0-9 age group tells you about birth rate

- top bar tells you about life expectancy

- if theres a dip or bulge in middle- because of migration or eg war

Dependency ratio is how many people are supported by the working population

• no of people 0-15 + no of people 65+ divided by no of people 16-64

- High birth rate as no use of contraception and people have many children as high infant mortality rate

- Death rate high as poor healthcare and famine 

- this results in a youthful population as less people live till their older

-death rate falls due to improved healthcare and diet so less people die of disease or malnutrition

- birth rate falls as women gain a more equal place in society and get a better education so more women work than have children as well as use contraception

- birth rate stays low as people have more wealth and so want more possessions rather than kids

- birth rate then further decreases as people have dependent elderly relatives so have less time and money to bring up a child. 

- when there are too many people for the resources available

- caused by a rapid population growth- so more likely to happen in LEDC's as theyre developing and dr falls but br remains high 

- overpopulated LEDC's usually have a youthful population as high br but stilllow life expectanc

SOCIAL IMPACTS;

• services eg healthcare and education cant cope- not everyone has access to them
• children miss out on education as have to work to support family
• lack of housing available so makeshift housing is made- health problems as arent connected to sewer or clean water
• food shortages

ECONOMICAL:

• arent enough jobs- unemployment increases
• increased poverty as children born in to already poor families

ENVIRONMENTAL:

• increased waste and pollution
• more natural resources used up eg wood 

STRATEGIES:

-countries need to develop in a way thats sustainable, so they dont become overpopulated

Birth Control Programmes:

• laws to limit number of children a woman can have
• free contraception
• sex education
• lowers BR so less resources used up for people in future

IMMIGRATION LAWS:

• limit number of people allowed in and select who they want in (eg not of child bearing age)
• slows down population growth rate

- ageing population is caused by a low birth rate and a high life expectancy

- high dependency ratio as older people are supported by working population too

SOCIAL IMPACTS:

• older people need more medical care so more demand 
• people will have to spend more time caring for older relatives etc so less time for themselves- increases stress and worry
• fewer children as people cant afford to look after and older relative as well as have kids
• the more older people there are, the lower the state pension, so retirement age is highered as they cant afford to get by on a state pension 

ECONOMIC IMPACTS:

• taxes would have to go up as there are more pensions to pay for and services like retirement homes and healthcare need more funding 
• economy of the country would grow and develop more slowly as less can be spent on eg business and education 

• Encourage larger families- cash rewards to have more children eg in Italy, as these children will grow up to work and pay taxes
• encouraging immigration of young people to the country as these will work and pay taxes as well as have kids

^^^^^These are unsustainable strategies as they increase population size^^^^^

• Raise the retirement age- people stay in work for longer and contribute towards state and personal pensions for longer- they'll also claim state pension for less time
• Raising taxes for working population- more money to support elderly

^^^^^ these are sustainable as they reduce impacts without increasing population size^^^^^

-internal and international migration

- two main types of migrant

• Refugee- forced to leave home country because of war, persecution or natural disaster
• Economic migrant- leave home country to richer places (usually from poor places) seeking jobs or higher wages- they usually send money back home to family in country of origin 

-PUSH factor- negative things about a persons place of origin that makes them want to leave

- PULL factor- positive things about a persons destination that attracts them to there

PUSH FACTORS:

• Economic: -low wages ,-shortage of jobs 
• Social: -poor standard of living, - poor healthcare and education
• Environmental: -natural disasters, - poor environment due to pollution or crime 
• Political: -war, - being persecuted because of religion or political views

PULL FACTORS:

• Economic: -higher wages, -more employment opportunities
• Social: -better standard of living, - better healthcare and education 
• Environmental: - a safer environment with little crime or risk of natural disasters, - cleaner environment
• Political: - being free to worship and support whoever, - no war

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN:

• less pressure on services like healthcare and education
• money usually sent back form migrants so economy can still grow

• labour and skills shortage as its usually people of working age who are the most skilled and educated emigrate
• higher proportion of older people left who dont work and need care

DESTINATION COUNTRY:

• bigger labour force
• migrant workers pay taxes to develop and fund services

• locals and imigrants compete for jobs which causes tension and conflict
• overcrowding in schools and hospitals
• some money is sent back to origin country and not spent there 

POINT BASED SYSTEMS:

• people who want to move into a country are given points for things like age, education, ability to speak the language. only those with enough points are let in 
• in theory only the most skilled immigrants that will adapt well are allowed in 
• Canada, NZ, Aus

LIMITS AND TARGETS:

• set by countries to ensure they dont let in too many or too few immigrants
• limits are set by looking at jobs available and public opinion 
• if limit for the year is reached- no one else is allowed in 

CONTROLLING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION:

• particulary medc's have a problem with people entering illegally or staying longer than they should have
• illegal immigrants can be fined and deported 
• in italy if you house an illegal immigrant you can go to jail 

-growth of the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas

- most urbanisation is happening in LEDC'S and at a fast pace, because most people in MEDC's already live in urban areas

RURAL URBAN MIGRATION- movement of people from countryside to cities:

PUSH FACTORS:

• few jobs and low wages. eg most farming is now done by machinery which increases poverty
• lack of services- poor access to healthcare and education etc
• Poor harvests- most farmers in LEDC's are 'subsistence' farmers which mean they grow food for their family and sell the rest for income, but if poor harvests arise they dont make any income and risk starvation 

PULL FACTORS:

• more jobs and higher wages. the jobs also provide a more stable income eg compared to farming. Industry is attracted to cities because of larger work force and better infrastructure
• better services- better acess to healthcare as well as things like clean water and electricity. 

URBANISATION IS ALSO CAUSED BY GOOD HEALTH CARE AND HIGH BIRTH RATES IN CITIES:

- usually young people that move to cities to find work. these people have children- so increases proportion of population living in cities

- theres better healthcare in urban areas so people live longer and again increases the proportion of population living in cities 

IMPACTS IN THE URBAN AREAS:

• overcrowding as too many people for the number of houses and jobs available 
• increased traffic, pollution and waste
• easier spread of disease 

In LEDC's overcrowding leads to people building squatter settlements eg dharavi in mumbai and these can cause many problems:

• overcrowding makes spread of disease easier 
• no drains so flooding is common 
• no access to basic services like electricity, sewers or firefighters 
• create illegal work

RURAL AREAS:

• increasingly elderly population- so they struggle with tasks like shopping with no young people around to help
• less demand for services means some shops and services will close which affects local people 

Positive impacts:

• cities become centres of business and enterprise as source of cheap labour for factory work encourages industry to locate there and boost economy
• also means people in the rich countries can get the products for cheaper
• in rural areas, if services were overcrowded theres less pressure on them now. MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS:

• building more houses and attracting more industry to create more jobs 
• improving public transport and encouraging walking/cycling so less traffic and pollution
• improving services like water and electricity
• In LEDC's governments can try and improve squatter settlements by charging people a small rent so money can be used to create services in the area or provide free building materials so proper houses can be built 

MANAGEMENT IN RURAL AREAS (by easing the push factors):

• investing in local services will provide jobs and encourage people to stay 
• giving loans and grants for businesses to locate there. 
• invest in public transport so people can work in cities but still live in rural areas

-people moving out of cities and into rural areas. happening more in MEDC's becasuse:

PUSH FACTORS:

• pollution and traffic is higher in cities
• crime rates are higher in cities 
• houses in cities cost more 

PULL FACTORS:

• better public transport and increased car ownership means people can easily commute to work in cities from rural areas
• the growth of IT means more poeple can work from home
• new out of town business parks means more jobs are available outside cities

IMPACTS ON RURAL AREAS:

• increased demand for housing increases house prices- young people cant afford that so have to move away leading to an elderly population
• many commuters may prefer to use shops and services closer to their work so rural ones could still shut due to lack of demand - affects local people 
• people leave 'commuter villages' during the day which can cause a decline in community spirit 

URBAN IMPACTS:

• inner city areas with high crime and pollution become more empty and disused- makes them more unpopular and more susceptible to vandilism and graffiti- makes them run down
• commuters prefer to shop and work on the outsides of cities so services in the city centre will shut down 

managing the impacts of counter urbanisation:

RURAL AREAS

• Policies made to provide more housing for local people to stop commuters and second home buyers from getting houses first
• investing in services- make them more appealing so commuters use them instead so they dont shut down 

URBAN AREAS: 

• redeveloping urban areas- by making them more attractive places it will encourage people to stay or move back (re-urbanisation)
• regenerating shopping centres- eg by creating more car parks and public transport access to  people are encouraged to shop there 

4 main parts of a city: 

-CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CBD- usually found right in the centre of a city an is the commercial place with many shops and offices

-INNER CITY- part around the CBD with many high blocks or poor quality housing and older industrial buildings 

-SUBURBS- housing areas found towards the edge of a city

-RURAL URBAN FRINGE- right at the edge of a city where there are both urban and rural land uses eg factories and farming 

land use can change over time eg 

• building out of town shopping centres in rural urban fringe instead of CBD
• removing inner city tower blocks and replacing them with housing estates in rural urban fringe

CBD:

• Businesses and shops and offices
• social- very busy and easily accessible
• economic- land is very expensive so only big businesses can afford it 
• cultural- its the centre point for entertainment eg cinemas etc

INNER CITY:

• industry and low class housing
• social- traditionally small houses were built near factories for workers
• economic- for poor people who can only affors small houses and cant afford to commute 
• cultural- ethnic groups live here so that they can be near to their places of worship 

SUBURBS:

• medium class housing 
• social- less crowded and more pleasant with less pollution and traffic 
• economic- richer people who can afford bigger houses and afford to commute live here
• cultural- many families live here due to the space for leisure activities like parks

RURAL URBAN FRINGE:

• high class housing and business parks
• social- still accessible for commuters and theres lots of space
• economic- land cost is cheap so bigger houses can be built for richer people 
• cultural- for richer people who want a rural lifestyle but still access to the city 

when designing new developments, planners need to consider economic, social and environmental needs of the population:

SOCIAL:

• more housing- can be built on brownfield sites near city centre or rural urban fringe
• more room for social activites- parks replace brownfield sites in the city and golf courses can be built on RUF 
• better transport links- more roads built in RUF as increased traffic and more public transport

ECONOMIC:

• more jobs- business parks and out of town shopping centres built in RUF on greenfield sites where land is cheap and still accessible

ENVIRONMENTAL:

• more waste disposal systems- landfill sites built on RUF
• more green spaces- derelict land in cities turned back into open spaces

some urban developments are more sustainable than others:

CARBON NEUTRAL HOMES- buildings that generate as much energy as they use eg by solar panels. more homes can be developed without damaging the environment by causing pollution

BUILDING ON BROWNFIELD SITES- stops greenspace from getting used up so the space will still be available in the future- more sustainable than building on greenfield sites

MORE EFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS-  encourages less car use so less pollution and traffic. also develop more efficient vehicles that use less fuel eg hydrogen 

INCLUDE RECYCLING FACILITIES IN DEVELOPMENT- recycling means fewer resources are used as well as less energy, so less waste is produced that goes to landfill- landfill is unsustainable as uses up space 

-HIGH ORDER GOODS- goods bought occasionally and are usually more expensive eg clothes

-LOW ORDER GOODS- goods bought frequently and are usually quite cheap eg groceries

-THRESHOLD POPULATION- the minimum population needed to support a shop 

-SPHERE OF INFLUENCE- the area that people come from to visit a shop or an area

City Centre- CBD:

• high order goods 
• high threshold population as rent is expensive and high order goods sold 
• large sphere of influence as people from all over visit

Out of Town Shopping Centre- RUF

• high order goods
• medium threshold population as high order goods but rent is cheap
• large sphere of influence 

Shopping Parades (rows of shops)- suburbs:

• high and low order goods 
• medium threshold population as a mixture of goods but rent is low
• medium threshold population as only attract people from nearby

Corner Shops- Inner city:

• low order goods 
• low threshold population and low order goods sold and rent is cheap 
• small sphere of influence as only attract locals

Village shops- rural areas:

• low order goods 
• low threshold population as low order goods and cheap rent 
• low sphere of influence- local customers