Plants and humans as organisms

PLANT ORGAN SYSTEM

FLOWERS - reproduction - seeds - new flowers

LEAVES - sunlight - energy - food

STEM - support - stability

ROOTS - absorb water and minerals from soil.

HUMAN ORGAN STSTEM

DIGESTIVE - Mouth - Liver - Stomach - Pancreas - Small intestine - Large intestine (colon) - Rectum. Long tube - food 1 to 3 days - food to tiny particles - passes to blood - distributed to body.

CIRCULATORY - Heart - Lungs - Arteries - Veins

Heart pumps. Tubes - blood vessels. (Arteries and veins).

NERVOUS - Brain - Spinal Cord - Nerves

Communication - electrical signals along nerves

RESPIRATORY - Trachea (windpipe) - Lungs - Bronchus - Ribs - Diaphragm.

Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits. Cells need oxygen to respire=energy=waste product is carbon dioxide.

MUSCLES

Muscles - Organs that help movement.

Muscles - Muscles - Tendons (strong, DO NOT stretch) - Bones

Muscles - Shorter=Contraction. Never longer.

Muscles - Not contracting=relaxed

Muscles - Bi=2 Tri=3. Biceps and Triceps work together like a team.

Muscles - Pair of muscles working together are ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES.

STRUTURE OF PLANT CELLS

CELL WALL - Strong - Quite Stiff - Shape - CELLULOSE

CELL MEMBRANE - Thin - Flexible - Controls entry and exit of cell.

CYSTOPLASM - Jelly-Like - Chemical reactions - Keep cell alive.

NUCLEUS - CHROMOSOMES - activities of the cell.

LARGE VACUOLE - Fluid-filled space - Sugary solution called CELL SAP.

CHLOROPLAST - Food made here - Look green because of CHLOROPHYLL.

All living organisms are made of cells.

All plant cells contain a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and vacuole.

Plant cells in the light may also contain chloroplasts.

FOOD CHAIN

Sunlight - Plant - Animla - Human.

FIRST organism in a food chain is always a PLANT.

PLANTS use energy from sunlight to produce food = PRODUCERS.

ANIMALS have to eat ready-made food, they consume plants or other animals = CONSUMERS.

Food chain - Energy passes from one organism to another, when it makes or eats food.

VARIATION - Differences between individual members of a species.

FREQUENCY DIAGRAM - Can show the pattern of variation in a group of organisms.

Living organisms - Classifeid into groups - Carl Linnaeus

PLANTS - Organisms - green leaves - photosynthesise.

ANIMALS - Organisms - move and eat other organisms as food.

KINGDOMS - Plant and Animal groups together.

PLANTS - 4 major groups - MOSSES - FERNS - CONIFERS - FLOWERING PLANTS

VERTEBRATES - Animals - Backbones - 5 groups or CLASSES.

FISH - Fins - Scales - Gills (Breath) - Lay eggs in water.

AMPHIBIANS - Live on Land - Lungs (Breath) - 4 Limbs - Smooth skin - No scales - Lay eggs in water - Young are Tadpoles, develop in water using gills to breath.

REPTILES - Vertebrates with scaly skin - Most have 4 legs - Snakes lost their legs - Crocodiles live in water - Reptiles lay eggs on land - Dinosaurs were reptiles.

BIRDS - Vertebrates with Wings, Feathers and a Beak - Lay eggs on land.

MAMMALS - Vertebrates with hair - humans - Live Young - Mother feeds with milk.

VERTEBRATES are animals with backbones.

VERTEBRATES are classified into 5 classes FISH, AMOHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS and MAMMALS.

INVERTEBRATES - Animals without backbones.

MOLLUSCS - Soft Body - Muscular Foot for Movement - Some (Slugs, Snails, Octopuses).

ANNELIDS - Worms with bodies - SEGMENTED (Rings) - No Legs - CHAETAE Tiny Bristles. Earth worms are ANNELIDS.

ARTHROPODS - ainvertebrates with Jointed Legs - Bodies are segmented - EXOSKELETON [Skeletons on outside).

ARTHROPODS - INSECTS - 6 Jointed Legs - 3 Part Bodies (Head, Thorax, Abdomen) - Most 2 Pairs of Wings - 1 Pair of Antennae.

ARTHROPODS - ARACHNIDS - 8 Jointed Legs - No Wings or Antennae.

ARTHROPODS - CRUSTACEANS - Tough Exoskeleton - More than 4 Pairs of Jointed Legs - 2 Pairs of Antennae - Lobster, Water Fleas, Woodlice.

ARTHROPODS - MYRIAPODS - Many Pairs of Jointed Legs - One Pair of Antennae - Millipedes, Centipedes.

ARTHROPODS - 4 Main Groups - Insects - Arachnids - Crustacens - Myriapods.

MATTER

3 Groups

SOLID - Same Shape - Same Space. Same VOLUME. Cannot be COMPRESSED or poured.

Examples: FRUIT - BOOK - BRICKS - SHOE

LIQUIDS - Shape of the Contianer they are in. Can be Poured. Can move through gaps. Cannot be squashed. Keep the same volume.

Examples: COOKING OIL - TAP WATER - PERTROL

GAS - Move to fill any closed container. Flow like Liquids. Easy to Squash. Weigh very little. Often can’t be seen or felt. Can sometimes be smelt.

Example: WIND - AIR INIDE BALLOONS - SMELLS FROM FOOD

THEORIES - Ideas that Scientists have.

PARTICLES - All matter is made of these but arranged in different ways.

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS & GAS - 3 States of matter.

Each state of matter Has different PROPERTIES.

Matter is made up of tiny PARTICLES.

PARTICLES - Matter is made of tiny particles.
PRATICLES - Too small to see.
PARTICLES - Arranged differently depending on state of matter SOLID, LIQUID or GAS.

SOLIDS - Particles are packed in FIXED PATTERNS - TIGHTLY PACKED with STRONG FORCES. VIBRATE but stay in same place - Solids DO NOT CHANGE SHAPE.
LIQUIDS - PAtprticles are packed with WEAKER FORCES - CAN move past each other. Liquids can CHANGE SHAPE.
Particles
GASES - Particles DO NOT TOUCH each other - MOVE FREELY - SPREAD OUT to fill up the space they are in. Gases CAN CHANGE SHAPE.

CHANGING STATE

SOLID - Ice - Warm Conditions - Melts - LIQUID water.

LIQUID - Puddle of Water - Warm Conditions - Water Vapour (Invisible Gas) EVAPOURATION.

LIQUID - Water Boils - 100 degrees - changes to Steam - GAS

GAS - Water Vapour touches something cold CONDENSATION occurs..

LIQUID - Measuring Volume - MEASURING CYLINDER - Water level forms a MENISCUS. The measurement if from the bottom of the MENISCUS.

Ice, Water, and water vapour are the three states of matter of water.

Ice melts to form water.

Water boils to form water vapour.

Water freezes to form ice.

HEATING SOLIDS - Heat energy is TRANSFERRED to particles - vibrate - take up more space - SOLID EXPANDS.
MELTING SOLIDS - Heated so much particles vibrate - strong forces are broken . More heat - more energy - more movement.
BOILING LIQUIDS - Heat - EVAPORATE- BOIL. More heat - energy - particles escape as gas.
COOLING GASES - Cools - CONDENSES to form liquid.
FREEZING LIQUIDS - Liquid FREEZES - Solid. Energy transferred to environment - particles slow down - liquid gets cooler. Eventually so little energy - particles vibrate - bec9me arranged in fixed pattern - SOLID.