Organelles

Structure 

• Largest organelle;
• Surrounded by nuclear envelope (composed of two membranes, seperated by fluid) with nuclear pores (allow relatively large molecules through);
• Nucleolus is densest part, and spherical.

Function

• House nearly all genetic material
• Chromatin consists of DNA and proteins (and instructions for making more proteins)
• Nucleolus - creates ribosomes & RNA which go through the pores into the cytoplasm where they synthesise protein;

Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Structure

• Flattened membrane bound sacs (cisternae)
• Continuous with outer nuclear envelope
• Studded with Ribosomes

Function

• Transports proteins synthesised by the attached ribosomes (for secretion or placement on the plasma membrane)
• Lipid synthesis

Structure

• Stack of membrane boud, flattened sacs;
• Transport vesicles can bud off from the end.

Function

• Processes material as it passes through
• Recieves proteins from RER and modifies them - e.g. create gylcoproteins and hormones or haemoglobin;
• Packages modified proteins into vesicles so they can be transported
  • Vesicles can then go to plasma membrane and 'exocytosis' their contents through fusing with plasma membrane.

Structure

• Spherical or sausage shaped;
• Double membraned (because they orignated from bacteria), inner membrane (cristae) is highly folded (increase surface area)
• Central part - matrix, contains enzymes for Krebs Cycle.
• Contains circular loop of DNA and tiny ribosomes

Function

• Create ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) during aerobic respiration on inner membrane
  • Therefore provide energy for the rest of the cell's activities;
  • ATP - universal energy carrier.

Structure

• Double membrane, 'chloroplast envelope'
  • Inner membrane is continuous, with 'eleborarte network' of flattened membrane sacs (thylakoids).
• Thylakoids - look like pile of plates,
  • Stack called a granum (pl. grana)
  • Have chlorophyll on them
• Contain ribosomes, starch grains and circular loop DNA (also originated outside plants like mitochondria)
• Stroma contains enzymes for Calvin cycle 

Function

• Site of photosynthesis.

Exta info... *irregular white blob is often starch whilst black ones are likely are oil/lipids

Structure

• Spherical sacs
• Single membrane
• Use cytoskeleton move

Function

• Contain (powerful) hydolytic enzymes 
  • The type that digest invading microorganisms or penetrate egg cell
• Break waste down into smaller simple compunds that can be recycled in the cell

***A Type Of Vesicles***

Structure

• Consists of two subunits
• Some bound to RER & others loose in cytoplasm.
• Cleft where mRNA runs (so they can translate the instructions)

Function

• Protein synthesis 
• Assembly line where mRNA is used to assemble proteins from amino acids

Structure

• Small tubes of protein fibres (microtubules);
• Triplets of microtubules form a ring;
• Pair next to nucleus in animal cells and some protocists at right angles.

Function

• Form spindles which move chromosomes during nuclear division.

Cillia & Undulipodium

Structure

• 9+2 structure - 9 pairs of microtubules around periphery and one pair in the centre
• Longer and normally one per cell
• Smaller and lots of them covering speific surface of cell. No larger than 10micrometres

Function 

• Move fluid outside the cell
• Move the whole cell.

Structure

• Microtubules cylinders (c. 25nm diameter);
• Made of tubulin

Function

• Supports cell structure
• Movement of organelles (comme vesicles) inside the cell using microtubule motors and ATP
• Movement of an mcroorganism through a liquid or waft liquid past cell.

+ Fun Fact - Undulipodium contain microtubules

Structure

• Made of cellulose fibres 
  • Primary layer: Random arrangement
  • Secondary layer: Fibres are parallel to one another then next layers are perpendicular to the previous layer.

Function

• Withstand water/turgor pressure (donc stop the cell from bursting because of the permanent vacuole)
• Support whole plant structure.

Structure

• Surrounded by tonoplast (membrane)
• Filled with water and solutes

Function

• Large cell vacuoles maintain cell stability.
• Pushes cytoplasm against cell wall making it turgid. Opposing pressures.