Minor Extrusive landforms

- Vent in the Earths surface that periodically ejects a column of hot boiling water and steam

- Intermittant turbulant discharge of water

- Extremley rare as they have to have the right conditions to form - worldwide there is only around 1000 geysers

- can find different types including cone and Fountain Geysers

- Temporay features

Made from tube like holes in the earths surface that run deep into the crust

geysers pluming system is a series of large fissures that run for miles where it connects to the heat sources, they are all different, some have a single long, vertical shaft, while others have pockets of water below the surface

they need to have strong mineral lining as due to the tremedous pressure, it needs to withstand for the water to be ejected - ryholite rock volcanic rock

produced by geothrmal acitivity near plates as when they move created faults and energy to heat the water

with the pressure fom the heat and energy, it can boil and as magma at the base transfers more energy, more energy gets trapped in the water and pockets of water within the crust begin to become turbulent and this pushes a small amount of water outside of the geysers which decreases the amount of pressure and with this sudden drop of pressure - it turns to steam and expands to 1,5000 times of the water

this is expansion violently pushes water and stream through the mouth of the Geyser

eruptions last as loong as the geyser remains hot enough to push water out and the water source remains

Old Faithful, Yellow Stone national park, USA

• Worlds best known geyser
• old faithful erupts every 60-90 mins
• blasts gallons of boiling hot water between 100 and 200 feet in the air
• Located above a Hotspot

Produced by the emergace of geothermially heated groundwater from the earths crust

hot springs all over the earth, on every continent and even under the sea

the water in the spring has to be higher than the surrounding air

unlike Geysers, they do not explode onto the surface

can appear on faultlines which creates a pathway for hot water to rise rapidly to the surface

e.g Iceland

Boiling mud is formed in the same way but mixes wirth mud and suface depositis - Turkey

Small volcanic areas without cones

created when sulphur rich gases escape to the surface

crator that emits gases, jets off steam and sulphur

e.g Bay of Naples

Fumaroles is when steam heated by geothermal acitivy is released and when the pressure drops it condensates on the land