Memory

Key Terms

Information processing - information is processed through a number of stages

Input - data entry

Encoding - data changed to another format

Storage - information is used for later usage

Output - using data after retrieval

Retrieval - information is located & taken out of stoarge

Accessibility problems - problems with retrieval of data

Availability problems - problems with storage of data

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Information is inputted through senses
This is encoded - the format is changed to 2D and scaled down
The information eneters the sensory memory which lasts 2 seconds unless it is paid attention to
If the information is paid attention to it enters the short term memory which has a capacity of 7 +/- 2 and can last between 15 & 30 seconds
Once there is no more space in the short term memory, information is displaced
If the information is rehearsed, the information enters the long term memory where the capacity is unlimited
When the information is retreieved it enters the short term memory again
Decay can happen which is when information gets more faint

Evaluation

Ignores individual differences - doesn't explain why some people have better memories
Too simplistic - memories are complex
Over-emphasises role of rehearsal - smells & tastes can be remembered forever even when not rehearsed

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Shallow processing - information is encodedor physical characteristics e.g. recognisng the colour of a logo but not the name

Deep processing - coding information on its meaning

Information that is deeply processed is remembered for longer

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Aim: to show if space and time affect memory
Participants: students in one culture
Method: laboratory experiment & repeated measures - IV delay before recall or not, DV number of adverts recalled
Procedure: showed 39 students 15 adverts in a random order. 1st condition - participants immediately recalled adverts. 2nd condition - 3 minute writing task before recalling adverts
Results: 1st condition - primacy and recency affect. 2nd condition - primacy affect
Conclusion: memory is affected by serial position

Evaluation

Lacks ecological validity - lab experiment - controlled environment - doesn't reflect real life
Demand characteristics - participants knew they were being experimented on - acted unnaturally
Lacks construct validity - only tests recallm not memory

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Triggers for retrieval
Colour coding helps association
Mnemonics - help to chunk information & is easily stored
Mind maps - replicate memory organisation
Imagery - doubles chance of recall - stored as text & image - gives information a deeper meaning

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