Halogenoalkanes and nucleophiles

Reaction conditions that must be learnt. Ions in equations are bracketed to make the charge clear, otherwise it would look like ++ and -+ as superscript cannot be shown.

OCR Salters B F332

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Water

Nucleophile:

  • H2O

Equation:

  • R-Hal + H2O  ->  R-OH + (H+) + (Hal-)

Product:

  • Alcohol

Reaction conditions:

  • Heat under reflux: this is sometimes called hydrolysis
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Hydroxide ion

Nucleophile:

  • OH-

Equation:

  • R-Hal + (OH-)  ->  R-OH + (Hal-)

Product:

  • Alcohol

Reaction conditions:

  • Heat under reflux with NaOH(aq) with ethanol as the solvent
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Ammonia

Nucleophile:

  • NH3

Equation:

  • R-Hal + NH3  -> R-NH2 + (H+) + (Hal-)

Product:

  • Amine

Reaction conditions:

  • Heat halogenoalkane with concentrated ammonia solution in a sealed tube
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