Human Geography Case Studies

WHY WAS THE POLICY NEEDED?

To prevent famine and to reduce population growth.

HOW DID THEY MAKE PEOPLE FOLLOW THE POLICY?

• People who followed the policy would receive 5-10% increase in salary.
• Education of the child would be free.
• People who ignored it, received 10% salary cut and massive fine.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?

• 400 million fewer people in China
• Better quality of life

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS?

• Forced to have abortion
• Ageing population
• Children were spoilt

WHY WAS IT NEEDED?

To reduce high population growth.

WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES?

• Free contraception and family planning
• Improving education standards and introducing gender equality
• Improving child health through vaccination programmes

WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS?

• Infant mortality has decreased due to innoculations.
• Birthrate is now 18 per 1000.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS?

• The UK has 12 million pensioners
• The propportion of people of 50 is reaching 50% of the population.

WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES?

• Retirement age has increased from 65 to 68 for men and 60 to 65 for women.
• Increased migration into the UK from eastern EU countries.
• Shared parental leave between mothers and fathers.
• Increase in private pensions rather than relying on state pensions.

WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES?

• Three years paid parental leave, can be used by mothers and fathers.
• Full time schooling starts at age of 3, fully paid by government.
• Cheap day care for very young children.
• More children you have the earlier you can retire.

WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES?

• 1800 Euros per month parental leave.
• Increased migration into the country from other EU countries.
• Most industrialised European country.
• Retirement age is set to increase soon.

WHAT ARE THE PUSH FACTORS?

• Contrast between the economies of the two nations.
• Unemployment rate in Poland is over 40%.

WHAT ARE THE PULL FACTORS?

• Availability of work
• Polish workers could earn 4 or 5 times as much in the UK

WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS?

• Banks and other services now operate Polish language facilities.
• Return home with substantial savings.
• Eastern European migrants contributed £2.5bn to the UK economy in 2005.

WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS?

• Less intelligent people left in the source (brain drain).
• Offensive graffiti, abuse and violence in the UK.

WHAT ARE THE PUSH FACTORS?

• War since 2003-destruction of homes, schools and hospitals.
• Government is struggling to remain in control from terrorist groups.
• Very dry climate ruins agriculture and causes famine.

WHAT ARE THE PULL FACTORS?

• Want to enjoy democratic governments where free speech is allowed and freedom to worship.
• Jobs are available and there is housing, schools and education.

WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS?

• Unpopular job vacancies fill up
• Increase in taxpayers-help fund

WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS?

• Immigrants may claim benefits

WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT?

• In the 1960s, the area started to lose tourists due to cheap package deals abroad.

WHAT WERE THE STRATEGIES?

• A new town was built along the cliff.
• The world's largest pier was built.
• In the late 18th century, railway links with London were built meaning more tourists could come.
• Sea Life Centre, Jubilee Beach, Adeventure Island built.
• Rejuvenation with tourist information centre, Premier Inn, proposed Marine Plaza.
• TNCs recently arrived.

WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MASS TOURISM?

• Tourists learn about the culture.
• Multiplier effect-wide range of job opportunities for local Kenyans.
• Encourages development of new infrastructure such as hotels, resorts and tourist attractions.

WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF MASS TOURISM?

• Locals are exploited-only £3 from every £40 spent in the Masai Mara Park goes to the locals.
• Large tourist boats drop their anchors into the corals, off the coast of Mombasa.
• Some tourists take piece of coral away as souvenirs-this doesn't aid the growth of marine environment and wildlife which thrive off the coral reefs.

WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES FOR MAINTAINING TOURISM AND REDUCING IMPACTS?

• Master Plan: Diversify the country's tourist product range by opening up new avenues such as adventure activities on rivers and lakes.
• Better distribution of tourist activities-reduces environmental pressure on tourist hot spots.

WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS?

• Tourists learn about marine biology and threats of climate change so they may become ambassadors for the area.

WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS?

• Tourists scare wildlife-penguins are likely to abandon eggs/young in order to escape humans.
• Footpath erosion at honeypot sites.
• Oil spills are a hazard to the Antarctic wildlife.

HOW DO THEY COPE WITH INCREASING NUMBERS?

• IAATO governs the continent.
• Tourists must stay at least 5m away from wildlife.
• People are fined for littering.
• No ships carrying over 500 passengers is permitted to land on the continent.
• Visitors are not allowed to visit sites of Special Scientific Interest in order to preserve wildlife.

HOW DOES ECOTOURISM BENEFIT THE ENVIRONMENT?

• Tourist are taught how to look after the environment.
• Building Kapawi lodge has prevented oil and gold mining companies to access the land.
• Money from tourists goes back into the conservation of the area.

HOW DOES ECOTOURISM BENEFIT THE PEOPLE?

• Kapawi Lodge gives Achuar people a fair share of tourism benefits.
• Increase in money being brought into village-more children able to go to school.
• Local people that work at the hotel learn about new skills and different types of medicine.

HOW DOES ECOTOURISM BENEFIT THE ECONOMY?

• The lodge provides employment for local Indians as guides-they earn $150 (£75) a month.
• Brings in large numbers of tourists to the country.
• Oil companies have brought $130 billion dollars to Ecuador in 40 years.

CAUSES:

• Stress built up between American and Carribean plate at conservative plate boundary.
• Stress was released and there was a sudden slip along the fault which caused a earthquake.

IMPACTS:

• 230,000 people killed
• 180,000 homes destroyed
• Cholera claimed lives
• $11.5 billion in damage

RESPONSES:

• Search and rescue
• Aid arrived from abroad
• World bank pledged $100 million

BACKGROUND:

• Begun by the Portuguese government of Mozambique in the 1960s
• Only completed 3 decades later

BENEFITS:

• Offers job opportunities for local people
• Boosts national economy
• A Kapenta fishery industry developed, harvesting 10,000 tonnes in 2003

DISADVANTAGES:

• Only 1% of Mozambique's rural homes have a direct electricity supply
• Does not benefit citizens at a local level
• Local shrimp industry destroyed
• Increases risk of flooding downstream

BACKGROUND:

• Muhammad Yunus created the bank in Bangladesh
• Specialises in lending small sums of money to the poorest people
• Lent $1 billion to over 7 million people
• Helps women to start their own businesses
• 99% of loans are repaid

BENEFITS:

• Income they make goes directly to their families and gets them out of poverty
• Helped to reduce fertility and family size

BACKGROUND:

• Development aid money used for pumping stations and pipes to bring clean water to 250 villages and almost 1 million rural dwellers.
• Community-based approach with local people involved in planning and construction
• Women and children walked up to 6km to find water - took 3-6 hours per day.

BENEFITS:

• Drop of over 90% in water-borne diseases
• School enrolment up by 80%
• Household incomes up by 20% - women have more time to generate income
• More commercial attitudes
• Lifestyles changing: women have more dignity
• People who migrated to cities are returning

BULGARIA:

• Communist past meant that standard of living for its citizens needs to improve.
• Led to civil unrest and political corruption in the 1990s
• Very mountainous which makes trading between different parts more difficult
• Limits amount of farming
• Imports (US$ 30 billion) greater than exports (US$ 19 billion)

GERMANY:

• Europe's most industrialised and populous country
• Strong export industry and high-tech goods
• Exports (US$ 1400 billion) exceeds imports (US$ 1100 billion)
• Established and maintained its good trade links with other European countries

HOW IT WORKS:

• Provides money for sustainable development in troubled districts of European cities (SEE) social and economic regeneration.

BENEFITS:

• Improves living conditions
• Creates jobs
• Integrates people in society

PROBLEMS:

• Expensive - €728.3 million spent helping 2.2 million people

HOW IT WORKS:

• Makes sure there is enough food in Europe
• Makes sure that farmers have good QoL
• Makes sure people can afford the food (good price)

BENEFITS:

• Guarantees the survival of rural communities where more than half of EU citizens live
• Preserves countryside
• Ensures reasonable prices

PROBLEMS:

• Costs too much money (£34 billion a year) when only 5% of EU people are farmers
• Only 1.6% of GDP comes from agriculture