Geography B Unit 2 People & The Planet

• Factors for fall in mortality: modern medicines, vaccinations, better healthcare, hygienic housing, clean water, better diet
• Factors for fall in birth rate: access to contraception, women educated, economic burden, marrying later
• High birth rate: economic asset, religious reason, boys, lack of contraception
• Future populations: more contraception, wars, natural disasters, diseases
• youthful population: pressure on schools and housing, pressure on future employment
• ageing population: pressure on healthcare and nursing homes, pressure on taxes to pay pensions, strong spending power, look after grandchildren
• migration effects on host country: pro- workforce, willing to work long hours, new cultures/entertainment, skilled workers. neg- jobs given to migrants, send money back to their country, pressure on housing and schools.
• migration effects on source country: pro- less pressure on resources, money sent home. neg- loss of economic active, family breakdowns
• demographic transition model: stage 1- high birth and death rate remote groups diseases, stage 2- high birth rate and falling death rates India improvements in medical care, stage 3- falling birth rate and falling death rates Brazil improvements in medical care, stage 4- low birth rate and low death rate UK good health care, stage 5- low birth rate and slightly rising death rate Germany good health care

• migration policies: open door- shortage of skilled workers, UK after war. Quotas- resticts the number of people allowed in per year. Skills test- fill gaps in workforce, Australia. impacts- UK workers jobs being taken, pressure on resources, contribute to the economy
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• youthful population- higher birth rate, shorter life expectancy. ageing population- low birth rate, long life expectancy
• problems for elderly: difficulty getting around with no transport, loneliness, sell home to pay for care, fear of crime, long wait at hospitals

• problems of overpopulation: not enough resources, shortages of housing and educational and medical services, unemployment- poverty and strain on benefits, overcrowding in areas
• problems of underpopulation: not enough people to exploit the resources, not enough people to pay taxes for services, skill shotages leads to negative affect economy
• sustainable population: not too many or little people, enough working people to support population, managing resources so not to use too many, recycling resources as much as possible, looking after the environment

Anti-natalist policy: China

• one child, easy access to contraception, better childcare and benefits. successfull: birth rate and growth rate has fallen. consequences: sex-selective abortion, shortage of women to marry, abandoned girls

Pro-natalist policy: Singapore

• three or more children, tax rebates, cheap nurseries, preferential access to best schools, spacious apartments, good maternity pay. successfull: birth rate and population increased

• types of resources: physical-  wate, wind, sunlight. energy- coal, oil, gas. mineral- iron ore, stone. biological- biofuels, timber.
• malthusian theory- population and food production go up arithmetically yet food is slower, this meant famines would occur to limit population size naturally, the poor should realise that having lots of children was only making them poorer. consequences: some people get too much food or very little
• boserupian theory- populationg growth forces people to be inventive and find ways to increase food production, population growth is a good thing (essential to human progress). consequences: growing population can't have cars and meat as it leads to environmental damage.
• demand for non-renewable resources eg oil led to countries preserving their own resources and not exporting to other countries, consequently it lead to conflicts in the middle east
• conserving resources: recycling, educational promotion and advertising, make beter use of energy, reduce pollution
• problems with renewable resources: don't meet the same demand, reliant on location, new technology is expensive to set up, not as efficient

• clark fisher model: pre-industrial stage- primary sector mainly. industrial stage- more secondary sector jobs, primary sector decreases, tertiary sector increases. post-industrial stage- tertiary sector increases, secondary and primary decrease, quaternary begins
• WTO- world trade organisation aims to encourage trade between countries and to reduce import duties and other barriers to trade
• IMF- international monetary fund aims to provide the financial stability for trade to flow freely between countries
• FDI- foreign direct investment is the investment which flows from one coountry to another (often by TNCs)
• why TNCs operate globally:cheap labour, cheap buildings and land, to be close to markets, countries offer incentives
• TNCs: Adv- new jobs, bring new skills, bring investment, pay taxes boosting local economy. Disadv- bad pay, long shifts, poor working conditions, some factories cause air and water pollution
• reasons for globalisation: 1.transport- container ships and air travel 2.communication- email, phone 3.IMF- state led investment to help countries 4.TNCs- increased trade between countries 4.TNCs- increased trade between counries 5.trade agreements- EU made trade easier

TNC in secondary sector- Nike:

• 'sweat shops'
• workers will often experience: long hours, low wages and health problems
• Nike will often benefit by: paying lower wages, having greater output, receiving tax benefits offered by NIC's eg China

TNC in tertiary setor- Tesco:

• operates in 14 different countries employing 500,000
• outsources many products from all over the world
• 3rd largest retailer globally

• fators to consider when evaluating development: economic- income, type of industries. physical wellbeing- diet, access to clean water. mental wellbeing- freedom, security and happiness. social- access to health care, education and leisure facilities.
• economic indicators: GDP (gross domestic product) per capita eg total income divided by total populationand PPP (purchasing power parity) eg £1 can buy you more in Kenya than the UK
• political indicators: government, freedom of speech, corruption
• HDI (human development index) social indicators: birth rate, number of people per doctor, gender equality, life expectancy, literacy rate, infant mortality
• reasons for the development gap: locational advantages, resources, landlocked
• Rostow's modernisation theory: traditional society, pre-conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption. Problems: it assumes that all countries start at the same level of development, doesn't consider the quality or quantity of a country's resources, population or climate, out of date and based on the 18th/19th-century development, fails to consider colonisation
• dependency theory: the idea that the developing countries rely on developed countries. problems: doesn't include natural disasters, lack of resources, conflict

Regional disparity: case study Brazil

• Periphery (outer areas from core- isolated) disadvantages: poor soils, poor infrastructure, disease, harsh climate conditions, sparse population, no access to ports
• Core advantages: fertile soils, ports, good infrastructure, good climate conditions, good communication links
• impacts of regional disparity: lower quality of life in periphery, conflicts between haves and have-nots, too many poor people moving to the core, overcrowding and job scarcity in the core, slows down development of country
• growth pole- centre of development, a cluster of businesses or industries which are growing in a poor region. they are like a mini core and create a periphery within a periphery

Top-down case study- Santo Antonio Dam, Brazil

• social: adv- jobs, health improved, education improved, sanitation improved. disadv- locals forced to leave homes, lands are at risk from flooding
• economic: adv- cheaper electricity, more roads built leading to easier trade. disadv- expensive, fishing is disturbed
• environmental: adv- HEP is renewable, no greenhouse gases. disadv- large areas flooded

Bottom-up case study- Micro HydroElectric Scheme, Peru

• social: adv- jobs, electric for locals to work at night, run by locals. disadv- difficult to maintain
• economic: adv- electricity for rural areas, connect to networks. disadv- expensive
• environmental: adv- requires no fuel so no gases. disadv- ugly

• UK urban change: economic- deindustrialisation, wealth gaps. political- national government policies. social- greater disposable income and time so there's a growth of leisure and recreational facilities. demographic- population growth led to more housing, services and businesses
• contrasting rural areas: quality of life. scottish highlands- unemployment is low, economy relies on agriculture and tourism, remote. east anglia- jobs are seasonal, life expectancy is higher, pleasant climate, can commute to london and cambridge
• impacts of increased housing: environmental- more waste, building on greenfield sites. social- strain on existing services, existing home owners may resent new residents. economic- expensive, low-cost housing is not very profitable
• London docklands regeneration project: new roads, new jobs, new offices, BUT locals aren't as skilled, locals can't afford homes. reindustrialisation
• eden project: economically beneficial, more jobs, local shops and B&B's get income BUT traffic congestions, only benefits that area, some parts of cornwall still have high levels of deprivations
• green belts: stop urban sprawls, protect countrysides, prevent neighbouring cities merging into one another
• urban regeneration- improving urban areas by improving services, housing & local economy

• arable farms- grow crops
• pastoral farms- raise animals for wool, meat or milk
• mixed farms- do both depending on physical factors (eg climate) and human factors (eg machinery available)
• subsistence farms- low tech, high labour, small output, family use only
• commercial farms- high tech, low labour, large output, sold for profits
• cash crops- made only for resale
• characteristics of a developed rural areas: sparsely populated, better farming tech, sufficiant schools, pubs and hospitals
• characteristics of a developing rural areas: very few services, some shops, few schools, cash crops, crops grown for biofuels
• rural challenges in developed countries: honeypot areas-tourism pressure, high house prices caused by 2nd home owners, rural depopulation as better oppurtunities in cities-urban sprawl, decline in services, pressure on development
• rural challenges in developing countries: human hazards-HIV and AIDS, rural-urban migration, land degradation from desertification and deforestation, population growth increases pressure, natural hazards, globalisation
• degradation- The deterioration of an area over time

• NGO- non-governmental organisations, charities which raise money to set up and run development projects
• IGO- intergovernmental organisations eg UN, use funds donated by individuals and governments
• ways to improve the quality of life and economies in rural areas in developing countries: better transport, fresh water, education, electricity, helath care, communications
• making farming economically sustainable in developed countries: new animals, own products, new crops, farmers markets, pick your own, holiday accomodation, new restaurants, leisure activities, wind turbines
• making farming environmentally sustainable: arable rotation, organic farming, drip irrigation where computers use pipes to direct water straight to roots, hedgerows to stop loss of topsoil to wind and water erosion

intermediate tech: improving water supplies for irrigation- digging boreholes to access water deep underground, recycling sewage water in shallow lagoons, building small dams on rivers, conserving rainwater in barrels or trapping it behind stones and trees. improving soil quality and reducing erosion- planting trees to conserve moisture and reduce soil erosion, recycling solid human waste for fetiliser, building low walls to reduce soil movement, turning slopes into ledges to reduce soil erosion