Geography revision: Key Topics

Formed when plates collide, sedimentary rocks build up, get forced up and form these mountains. Occur at destructive plate margins.

Fold mountains are used for grazing goats, and on lower slopes crops are grown. Mining as metal ore is found on fold mountains. Hydro electric power  as easy to generate on these. Tourism as they have good scenary. Conifers grow well on fold mountains.

Case study

Alps, central europe, caused by collision of african and european plates, 30 mil years old.

People use alps for goats for cheese milk meat. HEP. Very popular tourist site. Mining, gold silver copper.

Found at destructive and constructive plate margins. Oceanic plate goes under continental due to density. Creates ocean trench also. Oceanic plate destroyed in mantle. Pool of magma forms. Magma rises through cracks called vents. Magma erupts onro surface, now called lava.

Composite volcanos- made up of ash and lava that has cooled. Lava is thick and slow, forms steep

Shield volcanoe - made of only lava. Lava is runny , low flay volcano.

Dome - made of only lava, lavas thick, slow, forms steel volcano

Case study - soufriere hills in montserrat, erupted 1997. 19 died. 7 injured.

Primary imp - large areas covered in volcanic material, homes destroyed, sch, hosp, air destroyed.vegetation, farmland destroyed.

Secondary imp - fire destroyed houses buildings. Bussinuess destroyed disuorting eco. Pop decline. Volcanic ash improved soil fertility. Tourism increase after to see volcano.               Imm resp - evcauation, shelter, uk provided 17 mil of emerg aid.                                                   Long term resp - risk map created, south island off limits, uk provide 41 mil for development.

Magma rises through cracks in crust to form magma basin. Bulge caused by pressure which cracks causing vents for lava. Lava erupts out of vents causing earthquakes.lava goes so bulge collapses in, spewing more lava and creating a crater as remains.

Ash will settle far out, thick cloud, case study is yellowstone in america. 

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Richter - measures energy released. Measures magnitude using seismometer. Arm moves due to vibrations.

Mercalli - measursz effects of earthquake. 1 -12 measured by asking eye witnesses. 

Earthquakes occur at destructive margins as they get stuck moving past. Constructive as tension builds along cracks as they move away from eachother. Conservative earthquake when one gets stuck grinding past eachother. When stuck, they eventually jerk past eachother causing shock waves (vibrations).  Shocl waves come from focus, epicentre is ground level directly above focus. Strong earthquakes are infrequent, weak are common.

Rich case study. Laquila italy 2009 6.3richter destructive margin. Prim: 290 deaths. Thousands buildings dmged/ dstroyed.  Sec: fires, broken water pipes caused landslide. Imm resp: camps for homlesz, ambulances, fire engines ,army. Dogs to find survivors. Bills were suspended (gas electricty). Long term resp: prime minsiter promised new town. 

Poor case study: Kashmir pakistan 2005 7.6 richter destructive margin. Prim: 80k deaths 100k+ injured.  3 mill homless. Water electricty pipes and lines broken. Sec: landslides buried people and buildings. Deseases spread as non clean water. Freezing conditions after.  Imm resp: help took days/weeks to some areas. Tents blankets first aid distributed. Rescue dogs and hekicopters from international aid. Long term resp: 40k relocated to new town. Goverment money given to homless. Make builidnhs earthquake resistant.

Indian ocean tsunami 2004 caused by earthquake.9.1 richter earthquake. 230kkilled. 1.7mil lost homes, towns cities destrroyed. 6 mill needed emerg food water and first aid. Massive economic dmg. Salt caused environ dmg. Short term international aid : hundreds of millions spent om survivors food medicak water.... foreign countries sent specialists to help save. 

Long term internatioal aid : billions spent to rebuild. Tsunmai warning system made. 

Temperate decidious

Ttimber , recreation,

Sustainabke managment techniques, controlled felling (some trees not all in an area), replanting, planning for recreational.

New forest, hampshire.national park in uk. Produces 50 k tonnes of timber a year. 20 mil visitors a year. 

Sustained by replanting where ares are cleared, encouraged to stick to footpaths with signs. Encouraged to act responsibly for visitors.