Gases and water

Nitrogen-76%

Oxygen-21%

Argon-1%

Carbon Dioxide-0.04%

This is one way to determine the amount of oxygen it the air. as the iron rusts it uses up the oxygen pulling the water up the test tube allowing you to see the difference.

Another way is to put phosphorous/ copper in two joined syrings and then the amount of air decreases meaning that it will show you how much oxygen is in the tube

When you burn something it reacts with oxygen to make an oxide

Magnesium burns with a bright white flame and a white powder (magnesium oxide)

Equation-2H(s)+O2(g)= @MgO(s)

Hydrogen burns with a orange/yellow flame and the only product is water. It burns with a squeaky pop.

Equation-2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H20(g)

Sulphur burns with a pale blue flame and produces sulphur dioxide.

Equation-S(s)+O2(g)=SO2(g)

1)If you heat a metal carbonate you get carbon dioxide and a metal oxide.

2)This is an example of thermal decomposition, which is when a substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated

3)Copper(II) carbonate is a green powder that will easily decompose to form carbon dioxide and copper(II) oxide when you heat it.

4)Heres the equation for the thermal decompostion of copper(II) carbonate: CuCO3(s)= CuO(s)+Co2(g)

5)To do the experiment, heat copper(II) carbonate then collect the one that's given off in a test tube.

6)The gas that is collected can then be tested to see if it is CO2.

Carbon Dioxide is a Green house Gas. The increasing amount of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere could be leading to climate change.

To test for Hydrogen put a splint in a test tube full of hydrogen and if hydrogen is present it will make a squeaky pop.

To test for Oxygen put a dying splint in a test tube full of Oxygen and if Oxygen is present it will relight the splint.

To test for Carbon Dioxide bubble it into limewater and if it goes cloudy Carbon Dioxide is present. 

Pure Water will always boil at exactly 100 degrees celsius and freeze at 0 degrees

To test for pure water see if it boils at exactly 100 degrees

To test for water add anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and see if the powder turns blue

Protons have a relative mass of 1, a relative charge of +1 and are located in the nucleus.

Neutrons have a relative mass of 1, a relative charge of 0 and are located in the nucleus.

Electrons have a relative mass of 0.0005, a relative charge of -1 and move around in energy levels called shells.

The atomic number tells you how many protons there are.

The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.

Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

The Relative Atomic Mass takes all the stable isotopes into account, It is the average mass of all the isotopes.

relative atomic mass= (relative mass of isotope*relative abundance)+(relative mass of isotope*relative abundance) divide by combined relative abundance

You can use water or dilute hydrochloric acid/sulfuric acid to allow you to rank them by how reactive they are.

A more reactive Metal will Displace A Less Reactive Metal. This can allow us to make less abundant metals.

The order of reactivity is: Potassium, sodium, lithium, Calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, copper, silver, gold.

Iron rusts when it is exposed to oxygen and water.

You can protect metals by 1)  Barrier Methods=painting or oiling it

2) sacrificial protection=covering a metal in zinc (galvanising)

Oxidation= Gain of Oxygen

Reduction= Loss of Oxygen

Redox=oxidation and reduction considered together as complementary processes

Oxidising agent=a substance that tends to bring about oxidation by being reduced and gaining electrons.

Reducing agent=a substance that tends to bring about reduction by being oxidized and losing electrons

Most metals are extracted from ores in the earths crust.

Unreactive Metals are often found as the uncombined element.

The method of extraction of a metal is related to the position it is in on the reactivity series. You use carbon to extract iron. you use Electrolosis for Aluminium.

Iron-strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal. It is used to make large structures

copper- red-brown metal. It is used to make coins

Aluminium- light silvery-grey metal. It is cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts

Alloys are a mixture of different metals.

Alloy are harder then pure metals because it distorts the metal atoms layers making it more difficult for them to slide over each other.