Cosmological Argument

Only primary movers - souls - can affect change as only they can cause montion spontaneously therefore only such a soul could create the universe

Primary movers - an object with the power to move or change itself or others - souls

Secondary mover - objects which could only change or move others once they had been moved.

claim 1) there is an unmoved mover - a creator of the universe

claim 2) no such being

Attack on claim 2:

The chain of things happening has no beginning

nothing caused the first mover to move

if nothing started the chain then there is no chain

clearly things exist

unmoved mover - necessary.

Aristotle - the universe is eternal and the unmoved mover keeps it all in order.

Everything with a beginning has a cause

the universe has a beginning

the universe must have a cause

William Craig adds another step: The cause must be personal as science cannot give a causal account (Swinburne)

God

• not necessarily the case - due to set theory infinity is no longer contradictory
• beginnings without cause appear in nature - quantum
• If God needs no first cause then why does the universe
• What is the cause of the first cause?