Testing for Carbonates - A reaction between a carbonate and dilute acid gives a salt, carbon dioxide and water. As carbon dioxide is produced we can use the standard corban dioxide test to work out if the unknown substance is a carbonate.
Testing for Halides - Add nitric acid to an unknown solution, this removes carbonate ions whcih could disrupt test results by forming a precipitate with the silver nitrate. Then add silver nitrate, if halide ions are present they will form a precipitate with the silver ions. (AgBr is cream, AGI is pale yellow)
Testing for Sulfates - Add dilute hydrochloric acid, this removes carbonate ions. Then add barium chloride, if sulfates are present the white precipitate barium sulfate will form.
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