Challenges of an urban world
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- Created by: Holly45
- Created on: 25-05-15 10:27
Urbanisation trends
- URBANISATION: means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
- 60% of people are expected to live in urban areas by 2050
- in Europe and North America the number of urban people has more or less stabilised
- in South America and sub Saharan Africa urban populations are still growing
- in Asia, there has been enormous population growth in cities and this is expected to continue
- RURAL URBAN MIGRATION: people in rural areas migrate to cities to seek better opportunities, especially jobs. Cities have a number of pull factors including higher income and better healthcare and education. Rural areas have push factors such as poverty, lack of farmland and tough physical labour
- INTERNAL GROWTH: population rises due to the high birth rate in the city
- in Europe and North America counter urbanisation is taking place. This is when people migrate out of cities to live in rural areas
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Megacities
- Tokyo houses 36 million people and covers 35,000 square kilometres
- in 1975 there were only three cities with more than 10 million people (New York city, Tokyo and Mexico city)
- by 2010, there were 27 cities and there are expected to be over 35 by 2030, with a total population of over 400 million
- New York City's population grew from 19.7 million in 1990 to 22 million in 2010
- Mexico City's population increased from 15 to 21 million
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Mumbai (developing world)
- POPULATION:
- 20 million
- growth of 2.9% a year
- 60% of the population live in poverty
- SIZE AND SPATIAL GROWTH:
- 603km^2
- 1000 people arrive in Mumbai every day
- navi Mumbai has been built on the mainland opposite Mumbai and over 1 million people live there
- ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:
- services (banking and call centres)
- manufacturing (engineering)
- construction
- entertainment and leisure
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Los Angeles (developed world)
- POPULATION:
- 12.9 million
- population growth is 1.1% per year
- SIZE AND SPATIAL GROWTH:
- 12520 km^2 while greater LA covers 87945km^2
- Los Angeles grew rapidly becuase many people were attracted to its California climate
- ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:
- trade
- entertainment
- aerospace and technology
- oil
- fashion and clothing
- tourism
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Urban challenges in the developed world
- emmisons
- traffic
- unemployment
- waste
- housing
- ECO FOOTPRINT:
- measures the area of land needed to:
- provide all the resources and services consumed
- absorb all the waste produced
- measured in global hectares per person
- London's Eco footprint is 4.45 gha, almost twice the global average
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Living in Mumbai
- population of 20.5 million people, growing at 4% per year
- a city of huge inequality with at least 20 billionaires but also 20% living below the poverty line
- about 45% of people in Mumbai live in 3000 slums across the city
- the largest slum, Dharavi, houses 800,000 people
- on average people in Mumbai have only 4.5m^2 of living space
- the city has severe water shortages, with 650 million litres a day lost through old leaking pipes
- some slum dwellers spend up to 20% of their money on water
- 55% of people walk to work becuase Mumbai is so compact
- only 2% own a car
- three thousand people die crossing railway tracks or falling off commuter trains each year
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How can Eco footprints be reduced
- REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
- nearly 80% of London’s CO2 emissions originate from energy supply to, and use in, buildings, while transport accounts for the rest
- major retro-fitting programmes: adding new energy-saving and energy-efficiency features to existing homes and public buildings (loft insulation and cavity walls)
- ten low-carbon zones to reduce energy emissions
- REDUCING WASTE GENERATION:
- By 2020, London plans to reduce the amount of household waste produced by 10%, as well as reducing municipal waste
- providing cheap and accessible recycling and composting services
- providing recycling bins
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BedZED
- it opened in 2002
- example of a sustainable community that promotes energy conservation
- there are nearly 100 apartments and houses, as well as offices and workplaces
- use 81% less energy for heating
- use 45% less electricity
- 58% less water than a normal British home
- recycle 60% of their waste
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UK transport solutions
- TRAFFIC INCREASE:
- increase in car ownership
- people commuting to work
- increase cost and reduction of public transport
- BARCLAYS CYCLE HIRE:
- public bicycle sharing scheme launched in July 2010 in London
- Boris Bikes
- coverage zone roughly matches the zone 1 travelcard area
- currently there are 8,000 bikes and 570 stations
- scheme is sponsored by Barclay bank, which is contributing £25 million over 5 years to the project
- CONGESTION CHARGE:
- introduced in 2003
- daily charge for driving in a certain part of central London
- operates between 07:00-18:00, Monday to Friday and is £10
- allows you to enter, drive within and exit the charging zone
- traffic entering is 21% lower than pre-charge levels (70,000 fewer cars a day)
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Dharavi redevelopment project
- SPARC
- NGO organisation
- has helped the government relocate 16,000 of some 22,000 slum families living along the railway tracks to implement the World Bank-funded Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP)
- MAHILA MILAN: a self help group of pavement women
- means “Women Together" in Hindi
- is a network of poor women's collectives that manage credit and savings activities in their communities
- aims to provide a space for women to take on important decision-making roles
- be recognised for their contributions towards improving their communities
- SATHI
- an NGO organisation
- volunteers meet all trains arriving at Mumbai Central Station
- remove any vulnerable children found travelling alone to a safe place
- temporary night shelters are provided for small groups of teenage girls
- day centre provides skills training for orphaned street kids
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Mexico City
- SMOG:
- due to its location in a depression, and being surrounded by mountains, pollutants get trapped over the city
- 1000 deaths and 35,000 hospital admissions were attributed to air pollution
- WASTE DISPOSAL:
- produces 13,000 tonnes of rubbish every day – but the waste collection system can only remove 9,000 tonnes
- in 2012 the biggest dump in the city, Bordo Poniente was closed
- in 2012 Mexico City was sending 3,600 tonnes of rubbish per day to landfill, 3,000 tonnes were going to make compost
- 800 tonnes was used to make plastic bottles
- the rest had no designated destination.
- WATER POLLUTION:
- pump water up from the 514 underground aquifers
- land surface of the city is sinking at the rate of 9 cm per year
- gas pipes fracture and roads to crack, as the aquifers start to dry up
- each person in Mexico City uses 320 litres of water each day, the sewage plants can't cope
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Solutions to Mexico City's problems
- ECOBICI:
- aims to reduce the number of vehicles that go through the city everyday
- 275 stations and 4,000 bicycles across city
- 50,000 trips have been taken throughout the city thus far
- the bikes have small racks to hold bags or groceries, adjustable seats, and automatic lights
- One person switching from driving to cycling, for a 12 mile roundtrip, saves 1.3 metric tons of CO2 emissions per year
- WASTE DISPOSAL:
- encouraging more recycling
- building a new plant to burn some waste to generate electricity
- encouraging more composting
- burying it in new landfill sites
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