CH. 21 The enlightenment, Nationalism, Revolutions

• Northern Scientific Thinking
• empiricism
• Science helped by correspondance of scholars
• Science showed world ordered/ rational
• Natural laws applied to to rational/ orderly progress of gov./ society----> enlightnment thinking

• How to apply reason to discover natural law and make infinite progress
• apply principles to gov and society
• religious toleration (voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau)
• English form of rep. gov

• Enlightnment=optimistic 
• Natural laws goverened the social/political sphere
• "Deism"= divinity set natural laws in motion, but didn't cause miracles
• New ideas on how to improve society
• Clash between new ideas and old political structures----> revolutions

- 2 rev aims: independence from imperial powers, constutional representation

• Nationalism caused breakup of empires and emergence of new form of gov. 
• Nationalism threatned multi-ethnic empires in europe

• European monarchs enlightned in serving interests of subjects, despotic in carrying out ideas
• Believed in progress/reason but also wanted to remain in control
• Expand empires, build canals, invest in industry/edu. 
• religiously tolerant
• suppresed disent (secret police)
• Ruled without legaslative bodies
• Asian rulers= less progressive---->empires decline in territory/ prestige
• Ottoman empire: Sultsnd imposed enlightnement reforms opposed by conservative groups: janaissaries/ ulma( religious experts)e

ex: sultan Selim 3 suspended reforms to make army more efficent, to centralize gov., standardize taxes

• Each rev. had unique revolutionary circumstances/outcomes

1. Citizens became dissatisfied with gov.

2. moderates gain more power

3. Radicals take over in "terror phase" (france)

4. The process culminates in a period of relative calm and acceptance or the " Thermidorean Reaction" 

• Great distances seperated colonists from parliment/king
• Success shaped by merit in America
• Free market
• Colonists got help from france
• British-U.S treaty of Paris of 1783---> 13 colonies got independence