Cell Organelles

a eukaryote is any organism consisting of one or more cells containing DNA in a membrane bound nucleus seperate from cytoplams

• animal cells
• plant cells
• algal cells
• fungal cells

• CSM
• nucleus
• nucleolus 
• nuclear envelope 
• rough endo-plasmic reticulum
• smooth ER
• lysosome
• ribsosome
• golgi apparatus
• golgi vesicle
• cytoplasm
• mitochondria

PLANT: Same organelles as animal cells but with extras;

• cellulose cell wall
• vacuole
• chloroplasts

ALGAL: cells also carry out photosynthesis, and can be unicellular (chlorella) or multicellular (seaweed) 

• same organelles as plants but chloroplasts are different sizes and shapes

FUNGAL: also can be multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeast), like plant cells but;

• cell walls made of chitin not cellulose
• no chloroplasts 

• controls the activities of the cell through manufacturing MRNA and TRNA
• contains DNA in the form of chromosomes 

Envelope: double membrane surrounding which controls entry and exit of materials in and out of cells 

Nuclear Pores: allows passage of large molecules e.g. messenger RNA out of nucleus 

Nucleolus: manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

• site of aerobic respiration 
• responsible for production of ATP 

has a double membrane; outer controls entry and exit of materials and inner is folded to form cristae

• cristae - large surface area for attachment of enzymes and proteins in respiration
• matrix makes up remainder - contains enzymes for respiration

ROUGH ER

system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, continuous with outher nuclear membrane covered in ribosomes 

• folds and processes proteins made at ribosomes
• large surface area for synthesis of proteins/glycoproteins

SMOOTH ER

same as rough ER but with no ribosomes 

• synthesises, stroes and processes lipids and carbohydrates 

APPARATUS:

Group of fluid filed membrane bound flattened sacs; proteins and lipids produced by ER pass through

• processes and packages lipids and proteins
• makes lysosomes 
• produces secretory enzymes

VESICLE:

small fluid filled sac in cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane and produced by golgi apparatus

• stores lipids and proteins made by apparatus
• transports them out of the cell

LYSOSOME

formed when a golgi vesicle digestive contains enzymes - lysozymes

• break down materials ingested by phagocytic cells e.g. white blood cells
• release enzymes to outside of cell - exocytosis 
• digests worn out components

RIBOSOME 

small cytoplasmic granules found in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER, made of proteins and RNA

• site of protein synthesis 

organelles surrounded by a double membrane;has membranes inside known as thykaloid membranes; these can be stacked up to form grana 

• grana linekd together via lamella (flat pieces of thykaloid membrane)
• contain chlorophly which absorb sunlight 
• stroma is fluid filled matrix where 2nd stage of photosynthesis happens

membrane bound organelle found in cytoplasm containing cell sap; surrounding membrane is known as tonoplast

• makes cell turgid - provides support
• maintains pressure 
• stops plants wilting
• isolates unwanted chemcials 

rigid structyre srrounding cells in plants, algae and funghi

• plants: cellulose
• funghi: chittin

provides mechanical support to prevent the cell changing shape