biology infection and response
- Created by: GraceOates
- Created on: 09-11-20 20:02
measles (virus)
symptoms:
fever,red skin rashes
how does it spread?:
inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes
how can the risk be reduced?:
isolation, cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
HIV (viruses)
symptoms:
affects immune system
how does it spread?:
direct sexual contact and exchange of body fluid
how can the risk be reduced?:
condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood before using it for transfusions
rose black spot
symptoms:
black or purple spots on leaves, leaves can turn yellow and fall off, effects the growth of plants
how does it spread?:
in the environment by water or wind
how can the risk be reduced?:
picking off the affected leaves
what pathogen causes rose black spot?:
fungi
how is it treated?:
by using fungicides, removing the dead or affected leaves
salmonella (bacteria)
symptoms:
fever, vomitting, diarrhea, stomach cramps
how does it spread?:
in food that's eaten
how can the risk be reduced?:
vacinate and keep cooked and raw foods seperate
gonorrhoea (bacteria)
symptoms?:
thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, pain when urinating and infertility
how does it spread?:
sexual contact
how can the risk be reduced?:
condoms, avoid sexual contact until the infection has been treated
pathogens
what is a pathogen?:
microorganism that causes disease
4 examples of pathogens:
bacteria
fungi
protist
virus
how do bacteria cause disease?:
releasing toxins in the body
how do viruses cause disease?:
invade cells and use them to multiply and produce other viruses
3 ways that pathogens can be spread?:
air,water,direct contact
what is an antigen?:
the antibody blinds to the antigen
malaria
what type of pathogen causes malaria?:
protist
how does malaria spread?:
by female mosquitos (vectors)
what are the symptoms of malaria?:
headaches,high temperature,diarrhoea, vomitting and can cause death
how can the spread of malaria be reduced?:
preventing the vectors from breeding
how different parts of the body are protected to s
stomach - produces acid that kills pathogens
skin - barrier to pathogen entry, antimicrobial secretion
nose - contains hair and mucus to trap particles that may contain pathogens
trachea/bronchi - secrete mucus that traps pathogens, cilia waft mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed
vaccinations
how can vaccination affect the spread of disease?:
it slows the infection rate down because more people are immune and have antibodies to disease
how does a vaccination?:
a weakened pathogen gets injected white blood cells attack the pathogen which then creates antibodies to defend against the disease
antibiotics
what is an antibiotic?:
antibiotics are used to treat or prevent types of bacteria infection
an example of an antibiotic:
penicilins
why can't antibiotics kill viruses?;
viruses live in cells and the antibiotics can damage the cells
what is an advantage of antibiotics?;
can slow growth and kill many types of infection
what is meant by antibiotic resistance?:
when germs such as bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them
painkillers
what is a painkiller?:
a tablet that relieves pain
do painkillers kill pathogens?:
no they can only relieve pain
what is medicine made from?
foxgloves - digitalis
willow - asprin (painkillers)
mould - penicillin
drugs and how they are made
what is pre-clincial testing?: - testing that doesn't happen on humans
why do we test drugs?; - some drugs are toxic and may have harmful side effects
what is a double-blind trial?: - the doctor and the patient both don't know that the drug is being trialed
what is a placebo?: - a dummy drug, doesn't have the actual drug in it
how are modern drugs produced?: - in a labatory with synthetic verisons of plant extracts
why is it important to produce drugs that treat viruses?: - viruses get attached to healthy cells to make new viruses
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