Battery - University of Liverpool

Act must be voluntary and intentional

Bici - recklessness is enough at criminal

Fagan - Intent by omission is okay

Letang - Negligence is not sufficient 

Scott - Transferred Malice okay

The act must be direct.

Dodwell - hitting a horse that someone was riding was direct

Reynolds - throwing a log in a road that someone later falls over is not sufficient

DPP v K - putting acid in a hand dryer was sufficient at criminal

Is hostility required? 

Goff in Collins - No 

Croom Johnson in Pringle - Yes

Goff in Re:F - No 

Battery is actionable per se, no requirement to prove damage. 

Re F - Can even improve health

Touching clothing - Turner

Rifle - Lavery

Water - Pursell 

Bomb - Breslin

Shooting - Bici 

Taking a photo is not sufficient - Kaye

·         “The actual infliction of unlawful force on another person.” – Goff LJ in Collins v Wilcock