B3: Living and Growing (OCR Gateway Biology)
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- Created by: ab
- Created on: 07-12-15 18:23
Chromosomes and DNA Structure
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Protiens
Types of protiens:
- structural (eg. collagen- substance that holds our body together)
- hormonial (eg. insulin- breaks down sugars)
- carrier molecule (eg. hemoglobin- in red blood cells and cary oxygen from lungs to body cells)
- enzyme (eg. amylase- a catalyst)
Protien molecules
- are built up from a chain of amino acids
- has it's own number and sequence
- has its own particular shape to do it's job
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Protien Synthesis
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Enzymes- Lock and Key theory
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Enzymes- Q₁₀ and Denaturing
- Denaturing is irreversable, the enzyme is perminantly damaged
- enzymes work slowly at a low temperature because the substrates enter the active site more slowly.
- Q₁₀: Temperature coefficient
- a measure of the rate of change of a reaction when the temperature is increased by 10℃
- Q₁₀ = rate at high temperature (there is 10℃ difference between the high and low
- rate at low temperature
eg. what is the Q₁₀ of a reaction when at 20℃ the reaction was at 10units/min and was 24 units/min at 30℃
Q₁₀= 24÷10
=2.4
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Blood
Blood is used to transport materials around the body
plasma contains:
- red blood cells- carry oxygen in hemoglobin around the body
- white blood cells- fight diseases
- platelets- form scabs (help to clot up blood)
- amino acids
- fatty acids
- urea
- sugar
- Red blood cells can be small and lets blood pass through the capillaries
- they are a flattened disk shapes and have a large surface area for rapid diffusion of oxygen
- they contain haemoglobin to absorb the oxygen in the lungs to release in the body
- they have no nucleus to save space for haemoglobin
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Circulation: Veins, Arteries and Capilleries
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The Heart
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Respiration
aerobic respiration: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+energy in the form of ATP) C₆H₁₂O⁶ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy in the form of ATP)
- the rate of respiration can be found by measuring:
- the increased oxygen consumption
- the increased carbon dioxide production
- Respiratory Quotent (RQ)
- = CO₂ produced
- O₂ used
- anaerobic respiration: glucose → lactic acid (+ little energy, small amount of ATP)
- lactic acid is carried to liver where oxygen is used to break it down
- ATP: substance that is used as the energy source for many processes in cells
- Oxygen debt: amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to CO₂ and H₂O
- metabolic rate: the rate at which energy is used in the body
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Mutations
- mutations are the changesto the genetic code in a gene
- DNA mutation changes the amino acid sequence this changes the different protein produced, the cells may not function properly
Types of mutations
- spontaneous: mistake made during copying or creation of cells or gametes
- induced: chance of mutation increased by radiation, x rays, UV lights, chemicals
- occasionally it (mutations) can give an organism an advantage, sickle cell anemia gives you resistance to malaria
- most mutations are harmful, they can cause cells to multiply out of control (cancer) or in a gamete can cause a feotus to die
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Mitosis
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Meiosis
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Selective Breeding
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Genetic Engineering
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Gene Therapy
- doesn't permanently change an organisms genes
- copies of a functioning gene/ allele may be inserted into certain body cells who have a recessive genetic disorder
- (it takes place after the organism is fully grown)
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Cloning in Plants
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Cloning in Animals
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