Biology B2 (OCR Gateway)

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Name the five classification kingdoms.
Plants, animals, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotes
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How are arthropods split?
Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods
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What can classification show?
Evolutionary and ecological relationships
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What is artificial classification based on?
Visible features, which makes a group of organisms easier to identify
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What is natural classification based on?
Evolutionary links, so organisms are grouped together if they have common ancestry
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What is a species?
A group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
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How does the binomial system work?
Identifies all species by a two- part name, e.g. humans are Homo (genus) sapiens (species)
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Name some organisms that are difficult to identify.
Bacteria, dolphins, whales, mules
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What does a food chain do?
Shows what organisms eat
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What does a pyramid of numbers show?
Shows how many organisms fed at each trophic level in a food chain
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What does a pyramid of biomass show?
The mass of organisms feeding at each trophic level in a food chain
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Why are plants producers?
Make food (at the beginning of a food chain)
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What are all other organisms apart from plants in a food chain?
Consumers
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Which way does energy in a food chain flow?
One way and cannot be recycled
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What percentage of energy flows from one trophic level to the next?
10%
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Name three examples of where energy is lost in food chains.
Heat from respiration, egestion, excretion.
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What happens when organisms die?
They decay
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How are nutrients released back into the environment?
Decomposition by bacteria and fungi
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Name two essential elements that must be recycled.
Carbon and nitrogen
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What are the conditions needed for decomposition?
Oxygen (for microbial respiration), moisture and a suitable temperature.
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Why does decomposition take longer in acidic/ water-logged soils?
The lack of oxygen hinders microbial respiration
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What percentage of the air is nitrogen gas?
78%
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What is nitrogen?
A very unreactive gas
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What is nitrogen needed for?
Making plant and animal proteins
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What do plants compete for?
Water, light, space and minerals
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What do animals compete for?
Water, shelter, food and mates
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What is an ecological niche?
The role of an organism in its habitat
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How does competition affect organisms of the same species?
Organisms of the same species have the same ecological niche so competition between them will have a greater effect on the population
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What is a tapeworm?
A parasite that lives in the human digestive system and takes food away from its host so it can grow
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What is a population?
A group of organisms in the same species living in a habitat
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What is a habitat?
The place where an organism lives
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What is good about organisms with more successful adaptations?
Better at competing for food and other resources
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What are extremophile bacteria?
Bacteria that can live in very hot springs
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State an adaptation of extremophile bacteria.
Have enzymes that denature at very high temperatures
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How do some plants survive extreme cold?
Produce antifreeze proteins in their cells.
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What are specialists?
Organisms that are only suited to one habitat
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What are generalists?
Organisms that are suited to many types of habitat
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How do penguins reduce heat loss?
Counter- current heat exchange in their flippers
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What is the time frame for evolution?
Millions of years
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Explain the term 'survival of the fittest'.
Organisms most suited to their environment are more likely to survive
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What might happen to organisms which cannot adapt to their surroundings?
Extinction
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What does natural selection depend on?
Genetic variation
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How is the theory of natural selection supported?
Knowledge of inheritance and DNA
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What does Lamarck's theory of evolution state?
Characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime are passed on to its offspring
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What can an increase in human population lead to?
Increased use of resources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) and minerals
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What can an increased use of resources lead to?
Increase in waste, e.g. household rubbish
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What can an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lead to?
Global warming (from burning fossil fuels)
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What is the ozone layer?
A layer of the Earth's atmosphere that protects us from the Sun's harmful UV rays
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How is the ozone layer being damaged?
Chemicals called CFCs
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Name four effects of sulphur dioxide (from burning fossil fuels) dissolving in rain.
Makes rain acidic, kills trees, makes lakes acidic, causes fish to die
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What is a carbon footprint?
Measures the total greenhouse gas given off by a person in a given time, e.g. a year
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What are indicator species?
Organisms that can estimate levels of pollution, e.g. lichens
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How can pollution in streams and rivers be measured?
Oxygen and pH probes and chemical tests
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Why can organisms become extinct or endangered?
Climate change, habitat destruction, hunting, pollution and competition
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How can endangered species be conserved?
Protecting habitats, legal protection, education programmes, captive breeding programmes, seed banks, creating artificial ecosystems
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What does the distribution of different whale species depend on?
Their feeding habitats
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Why are certain whale species close to extinction?
Hunted for many years for oil and meat
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What is a sustainable resource?
A resource that can be removed from the environment without it running out (whales, fish, trees)
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How are conservation programmes useful?
Protect human food supply, ensure minimal damage to food chains, allow future identification of plants for medical purposes, cultural aspects
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Name one way species can be at risk of extinction
Lack of genetic variation in the population
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What is sustainable development about?
Using resources wisely today to ensure a ready supply for the future
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How are arthropods split?

Back

Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods

Card 3

Front

What can classification show?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is artificial classification based on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is natural classification based on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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