Organisms need a supply of materials from their surroundings and from other living organisms to survive and reproduce.
Organisms have features (adaptations) that enable them to survive in the conditions in which they normally live.
Extremophiles have adaptations enabling them to live in extreme conditions of salt, temperature or pressure.
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B1 4.2 Adaptation in animals
All living things have adaptations that help them to survive in the conditions where they live.
Animals that are adapted for cold environments are often large, with a small surface area:volume ratio (SA:V). They have thick, insulating layers of fat and fur.
Changing coat colour in the different seasons gives animals year-round camouflage.
Adaptations for hot, dry environments include a large SA:V ratio, thin fur, little body fat and behaviour patterns that avoid the heat of the day.
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B1 4.3 Adaptation in plants
Plants lose water vapour from the surface of their leaves.
Plant adaptations for surviving in dry conditions include reducing the surface area of the leaves, having water-storage tissues and having extensive root systems.
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B1 4.4 Competition in animals
Animals often compete with each other for food, territories and mates.
Animals have adaptations that make them good competitors.
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B1 4.5 Competition in plants
Plants often compete with each other for light, for water and for neutrients (minerals) from the soil.
Plants have many adaptations that make them good competitors.
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B1 4.6 How do you survive?
Organisms have adaptations which enables them to survive in the conditions in which they normally live.
Plants often compete with each other for light, water and nutrients from the soil.
Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory.
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B1 4.7 Measuring environmental change
Animals and plants may be adapted to cope with specific features of their environment, e.g. thorns, poisons and warning colours.
Environmental changes may be caused by living or non-living factors.
Environmental changes can be measured using non-living indicators.
Living organisms can be used as indicators of pollution.
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B1 4.8 The impact of change
Both living and non-living factors can cause changes in the environment that affect the distribution of living organisms.
Reproducible data on the effect of environmental change are not always easy to collect or interpret.
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