Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol (Monkeys, Eat, Penut, Butter) - then shapes e.g Pentagon (5 sides) - Pentanol- 5 C atoms.
First 3 alcohols have similar properties: They are flammalbe- burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Dissolve in water- to form neutral solutions.React with sodium to produce hydrogen and alkoxides.
Alcohols can dissolve most compounds that water can. They can also dissolve other substances which water can't dissolve.
Methylated Spirit, is ethanol with added chemicals- including methanol. It is used as a cleaning solvent and as a fuel, it is often dyed purple.
They can be used as solvents in industry or as fuels.
Ethanol is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks.
Alcohols can be used in spirit burners and is clean burning, it can also be mixed with fuel for cars leading to less pollution, it is also renewable.
Alcohols can be oxidised to form Carboxylic acids.
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Carboxylic Acids
Functional Group: -COOH
Start with the same Meth, Eth, Prop with an added -anoic.
Ethanoic acid is the main acid in vinegar.
Dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions.
React with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
React with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an Ester.
Also used to make soaps and detergents due to their long chains.
Carboxylic acids are weak acids as when they are dissolved in water they don't ionise completely. Therefore their solutions have a higher pH than stronger acids of the same concentration.
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Esters
Esters have the functional group -COO(C)
Their names end in -anoate
The alcohol they are made from forms the fist part of the name and the acid the second: Ethanol + Ethanoic acid -------> Ethyl Ethanoate + Water.
They don't mix well with water but do mix with alcohols and other organic solvents.
Esters have pleasant smells and are volatile so they are used as perfumes.
Some Esters have distinctive flavourings and aromas- some may smell or taste or certain fruits etc, these are used as flavourings.
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