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Causes
- Motivation to murder
- MacDonald's (1961) Indicators of future violence and homicidal tendencies
- Frustration (Graduation hypothesis, Arluke and Levin 1999)
- Aetiological factors
- Culminates of feelings
- Psychoanalysts perspective: Childhood neglect or abuse (Freud)
- Psychoanalysts perspective: Weak or damaged ego (Freud)
- Psychoanalysts perspective: Observation of violence
- Social learning perspective: A belief that aggression or violence will be socially rewarded
- Social learning perspective: A value system that condones violent acts within certain social contexts
- Cognitive perspective: Incorrect use or processing of information when making decisions
- Giannangelo's Diathesis stress model: Biological predisposition
- Giannangelo's Diathesis stress model: Environmental Trauma/ Stress
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Effects
- Motivation: Thrill seeking
- Motivation: Enrichment of life
- Motivation: Sexual gratification
- Motivation: Power and control
- Motivation: The extinction of a group
- Motivation: Visual or auditory hallucinations
- MacDonald's (1961): Bedwetting past the age of five
- MacDonald's (1961): Obsession with fire
- MacDonald's (1961): Animal cruelty
- Frustrated individuals transfer (or vent their) anger to weaker people (or animals) who cannot retaliate. This is done as a means of restoring their own confidence to rectify past humiliation
- Arluke and Levin (1999) graduation hypothesis is that frustration and blocked opportunities lead to anger and aggression, which leads to violence, which leads to murder.
- Aetiological factors: poor performance at school and work; frustrated social aspirations; unemployment
- Culminates in feelings: rejection; faliure; worthlessnes; powerlessness
- In the most extreme form, underdeveloped egos (or superegos) can lead to 'psychosis' and the inability to feel sympathy for the victims of crime
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