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Causes
- Socialisation and patriarchy
- Maintaining a masculine image
- Cycle of abuse
- Insecure attachment to the primary caregiver in childhood
- Socially learned behaviour
- Observed behaviour
- Women who are abusive towards men usually have unrealistic expectations and make unrealistic demands of men
- APVA - Substance abuse
- APVA - Mental health problems
- APVA - Behavioural problems
- APVA - Learning difficulties
- APVA - Family history of DV or self-harm
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Effects
- Socialisation and patriarchy - unequal power relations and prescribed gender roles
- Socialisation and patriarchy - deeply embedded in existing intentions of male aggressors moulded within the context of patriarchy
- Re-victimisation
- Stockholm sydrome
- Victim-blaming theory
- Traumatic bond theory
- Entrapment theory
- Learned helplessness
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