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- Cells - Prokaryotic & Eurkaryotic - lipids,RER,SER,Ribosomes,nucleus, nucleoi, nucleouis, golgi appartus, cytosketelton (uses ATP), mitochondria, chromatids (histone proteins), centrioles, homologous pairs, karyotype, mitosis, capulse, pilli, memosome (make energy), Cirlcur DNA, plasmid, falgellum
- Heart - Diastole, Ventricular Systole, Atrium Systole, Pressure, Aventricular valves, Semi lunar vavles, SAN (Sino-Ventricular Node), Aventricular Node, Purkarye Fibres, bundle of His
- Oxygen+=affinity & partial pressure, Bohr shift by Carbon dioxide (hydrogen ions displace oxygen = so give up!), Fetal haemoglobin needs to be able to pick oxgyen up where materials gives up, so has higher affnity of oxgyen then mothers (placenta),
- Specialised/differiatiated, undifferentiated (spermatonza, Eyrthrocytes, Thrombyctes, Neutrophils ect) e.g root cells= more mit to provide enegery.
- Plant cells - Xylem- dead, lignin=waterproof, pits so water can move between vessels, up only, no cytoplasm/or little, osmosis, Phloem- made of companion and sieve tube elements, companion - lots of mit and rib, dfoes the metablolic work for Sieve, cotransport sucrose/sugars into cell by active trainsport hydrogen ions out, want to move in by diffusion have to go through carrier proteins bring sucrose also, go to sieve elements by diffusion diown gradient - through plasmodesmata sucrose can go up and down in phloem. Translocation is the movement of sucrose/sugars in the plant. Transpiration is the lose of water vapour from the aerial parts of the leaf. Cohesion of water molecules, Adhesion of xylem walls & water molecules. Hydrostatic pressure and water potenail moves sucrose. Sink unloads sucrose from the phloem. Movement of water in plant. Apoplast,sympoplast, vacuole. Casparian layer is waterproof. Cambain is undifferentated - in stem. Meristem is behind root tip
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- Potometer measure water UPTAKE BY PLANT!
- Alveoli - surfactant, elastic fibres, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, connective tissue, squamous,
- Arteries, Capillaries, Veins - whats the difference? How do they maintain pressure and withstand!
- Fluid mosaic layer!
- Plasma membranes for 9 roles: Communication, Isolation, Separation, Make lipids, make proteins, Transport, secretion, Signaling,
- Glycoproteins - To hold molecules together by attaching to watermoles, attaching to antigens, communication
- Proteins have complementary shapes so will only go through if have that shape! Carrier proteins - ATP used to change the shape so can't go back through!
- Types of movement: Osmosis - down gradient, through the bilayer, Diffusion - down gradient use carrier and channel proteins, Active transport - uses energy against gradient carrier proteins, Exocyotis/Endocytosis - movement of cells by vesicles against gradient
- Incipent Playsomsis (no pressure on wall!), Playsmsised, Haemoloysised, crenated, Water potenial has negative water potential
- Epithelium (outer layer), Endodermis (outer layerS), endothilium (inner layer)
- Squamous provides a layer/exchange surface and protects cells below,
- Photosynethesis _ light (palaisade layer), gases exchange in spongy mesophyll layer
- Surface to volume ratio
- Ribcage, intercostal muscles move ribcage, diaphragm, vloume (different to atomsphreeic pressure), pressure
- Cartilage stops collagsing under tension/pressure (like lignin!0, glandular tissue = goblet cells, ciliated pithelium,
- Spirometer - tidal volume, inspiratory volume capacity, expiratory bolume capacity, residual volume, toal lung capacity, vital capacity
- Tissue Fluid is formed by the plasma fluid in the capilaaries when it is pushed out due to the hydrostaic pressure created by the muslce contraction (of the heart). At the venule end of the capillaries tissue fluid moves back intot hte capillaries as it has a higher water potenial then the capillaires. Not all of the tissue fluid is taken back ino the capillaries so the lymphatic system takes into into the lymph vessels. Blood, tissue fluid and lymph vessels each contain different things in e.g. erythrocytes, different amounts/volume of proteins ect.
- Xerophytes asre specialally adapted to dry conditions: rolled leaves reduces surface area, hairs traps air which collects water vapour reducing the water vapour gradient between the pant and the air, less stomata and ones in pits, thick waxy layer - all reduce transpirtation adn evapouration fo the plant
- Carbon dioxide in the plant - some combines with the plasma, most combines in the Erythrocyte. Some binds with the water with carbonic anhdyrase porudce carbonic acid, HCO 3 (hydrogencarbonate) diffuses into blood. Hydrogen ions mix witht eh haemobloglin to product carbamiohaemglobin, some carbon dioxide mixs with haemoglobin directly and produces Haemoglobinic acid.
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- Inspirometer measure whats taken in
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