P1 Summary
- Created by: tillywithwings
- Created on: 18-05-15 16:59
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- Visible light and the solar system
- Light is refracted and reflected at surfaces and boundaries between different materials. Refracting telescopes use an objective lens to form a real image, which is then magnified. Reflecting telescopes use a concave mirror, which gives a clearer image and allows larger telescopes to be made.
- The model of the universe changed from a geocentric to a heliocentric model. Observations of the Universe in the past used light, but nowadays many different types of wave are used to gain more evidence.
- Waves (transverse or longitudinal) transmit energy but not matter. They are described in terms of wavelength, frequency and amplitude.
- The electromagnetic spectrum
- The EM spectrum is a family of waves that all travel at the same speed in a vacuum. They are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. A simple way of remembering this is: Reindeer Meat Is Very Unusual X-mas Gift.
- Ionising alpha, beta and gamma radiation comes from the nucleus of radioactive elements. The higher the frequency of the EM waves, the higher the ionising power.
- Waves and the Universe
- The Solar System is our group of planets, moons, asteroids and comets that orbit the sun. Scientists study the Universe with all the parts of the EM spectrum.
- Nuclear reactions take place within all stars, which give out vast amounts of energy in the form of EM waves.
- Waves and the Earth
- The human hearing range is approximately 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. Frequencies lower than 20 Hz are called infrasound. Frequencies higher than 20000 Hz are called ultrasound.
- Generation and transmission of energy
- Power is the rate at which energy is used. Power (W) = current (A) X potential difference (V).
- Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. Burning them contributes to the greenhouse effect. Renewable energy resources include: wind, waves, tidal, hydroelectric and solar.
- EM induction occurs when there is relative motion between a wire and a magnetic field. An electric current is generated. Electricity generated in power stations is alternating energy (a.c). Electricity from a battery is direct current (d.c). Transformers are used to change the voltage of a.c electricity.
- Energy and the future
- Energy can't be created or destroyed - only converted from one form to another, as depicted in Sankey diagrams. In all energy transfers, some energy is wasted as heat.
- All objects at temperatures above absolute zero emit infrared radiation.
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