Tudor Rebellions: Pilgrimage of Grace

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  • The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
    • Act of Supremacy 1534
      • Henry puts himself in charge of all the churches and monasteries in England
    • evil advisors
      • Thomas Cromwell
        • author of the legislation that established the break with Rome and Henry as Supreme Head of the Church. He had a very powerful position despite being from low birth
      • Thomas Cranmer
        • Archbishop of Canterbury ruled against Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Henry's marriage to a now pregnant Anne Boleyn was declared legal. The succession was altered to favoured children of this marriage (and not of Catherine of Aragon, meaning Mary)
    • Lincolnshire Rising, 1-11 October 1536
      • Government commissions dissolving monasteries, collecting taxes (1534 Subsidy Tax)
      • Led by Captain Cobbler, Bishop of Lincoln was murdered
      • 10,000 men assembled at Lincoln with several articles of grievance - including the dismissal of Cromwell and Mary to be reinstated
      • Henry refused to negotiate with the rebels but offered a royal pardon for those who surrendered
      • By 10th October, the Duke of Suffolk's army was only 40 miles away. Unsurprisingly, the gentry panicked and took the royal pardon
      • Support from the gentry evaporated as the Duke of Suffolk's army arrived. Resistance collapsed, they fled
    • Yorkshire and Lancashire, 8 October - 8 December 1536
      • Lincolnshire rising helped start the PoG as news spread
      • Leader Robert Aske (lawyer) called for defence of the church and old religion
      • Some have argued that it was a series of  interconnected revolts (9 armies)
      • Rebels move to Pontefract (21 Oct) and Lord Darcy, surrendered Pontefract Castle
      • 10 Oct - Aske led 10,000 and set up a base at York and rebels presented the York Articles
      • Rebels held the north and Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to negotiate. They met again at Pontefract (2-4 Dec) to finalise their demands into 24 articles
        • Henry had given permission for Norfolk to offer a general pardon, a prolonged truce. Rebels stated that monasteries must not be suppressed until after Parliament had met
          • 4th Dec - Aske presents the Pontefract Articles to Norfolk and the rebels began to disperse
    • Bigod's Revolt, 16 Jan - 10 Feb
      • Sir Francis Bigod may have sensed betrayal and decided to seize Hull and Scarborough. It was doomed to failure.
      • Bigod fled and was eventually arrested in Cumberland, where the commons had launched their own unsuccessful attack on Carlisle in early Feb
      • This rising was the excuse Henry needed to crush the rebels deciively
      • The Duke of Norfolk declared martial law in the north. 178 people were executed, including Thomas Percy, Lord Hussey, Lord Darcy, Bigod, and Aske
    • Who was Robert Aske?
      • Member of a leading Yorkshire family, a lawyer who had experience in both London and the North.
      • He brought intelligence, skill in debating, and excellent organisation skills. he was able to make the pilgrims look like a disciplined army. He prevented them from robbing or murdering in the event
      • The name the Pilgrimage of Grace was great propaganda. It would appeal to the widest audience. It ensured handbills were distributed. The oath gave them something to believe in, and gave them legitimacy. It looked as if it simply wasn't about taxes or advisors.
    • Other leaders
      • Lord Hussey
        • elderly man of dwindling authority in the North, linked to the Aragonese faction, but stayed on the sidelines
      • Lord Darcy
        • keeper of Pontefract Castle, eventually surrendered this castle to the pilgrims
      • Lord Dacre
        • most senior nobleman in the North, remained aloof from proceedings, but his two sons joined the rebels
      • Earl of Northumberland (Percy)
        • ailing, childless nobleman who was being pressured to leave his lands to the Crown
    • why did it take place?
      • suppression of the monasteries
      • Statute of Uses, which stopped landowners from leaving their land to their heirs unless they paid tax on it
      • taxes on sheep and cattle, and two years of poor harvests
        • enclosure
        • debasement
      • the power and position of the low born Cromwell
      • behaviour and reformist teachings of particular bishops (Lincoln, Worcester, Dublin)

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