Social Influence - Conformity and Obedience
- Created by: Eviemad
- Created on: 03-04-19 10:31
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- Social Influence
- Conformity
- Types and explainations
- inalisation- person accepts group norms, private and public change in behaviour
- identification- identify with group we value, we publically change opinion even if we don’t privately agree
- Compliance- ‘going along with other’, behaviour changes when group pressure ceases.
- informational social influence- agree with others as you think they know more than you
- normative social influence- desire to behave like others and look foolish, occurs in unfamiliar situations.
- ASCH
- 123 male confederates, groups of 6-8
- Pps identified length of standered line
- 18 trials with 12 'critical trials'
- One naive ppt in each group, they gave the wrong answer 36.8% of the time; high conformity
- 25% never conformed
- Most said they conformed to avoid rejection (NSI)
- 25% never conformed
- One naive ppt in each group, they gave the wrong answer 36.8% of the time; high conformity
- 18 trials with 12 'critical trials'
- Pps identified length of standered line
- AO3 (asch)
- Only applies to certain cgroups, gender age and culture bias, only tested American male undergraduates
- Ethical issues, deception; naive ppt thought the confederates were also taking part but were actually working with ASCH
- Artificial task, demand characteristics
- Child of its time (Perrin and Spencer found less conformity when repeating in 80s)
- Variations
- Task difficulty, made it harder to judge the lines, conformity increased (ISI)
- Unanimity, dissenting confederate, conformity decresed (more independance)
- Group size, 1-15 confederates, after 3 confederates there was no difference in conformity
- 123 male confederates, groups of 6-8
- ZIMBARDO
- Mock prison in basement of
university
- Dispositional
factors or social roles?
- 24 ‘emotionally stable’ students, randomly assigned to guards and
prisoners. ‘prisoners’ were arrested from homes blindfolded and *****-searched.
- De-individualisation- names weren’t used just numbers and guards had
own uniform (mirror shades)
- Within
2 days the prisoners rebelled, guards harassed prisoners
- Some were released early due to psychological harm
- One
went on hunger strike
- Stopped
after 6 days
- They all conformed to social roles
- Stopped
after 6 days
- One
went on hunger strike
- Some were released early due to psychological harm
- Within
2 days the prisoners rebelled, guards harassed prisoners
- De-individualisation- names weren’t used just numbers and guards had
own uniform (mirror shades)
- 24 ‘emotionally stable’ students, randomly assigned to guards and
prisoners. ‘prisoners’ were arrested from homes blindfolded and *****-searched.
- Dispositional
factors or social roles?
- AO3 (zimbardo)
- Lack of realism- one guard based his role on a character from a film. But Zimbardo found 90% of convos were about prison life
- Randomly assigned, so not their personalities influencing it. So high internal validity
- Understates dispositional influence, only a 1/3 of guards behaved brutally. So may be exaggerates about all conforming to social roles
- Mock prison in basement of
university
- Types and explainations
- Obedience
- Dispositional Variables
- Adorno
et al wanted to understand anti-Semitism of holocaust
- The
authoritarian personality includes extreme respect for authority and
disapproved inferiors.
- It
originates from childhood due to strict parenting.
- Fear
of parents is displaced onto those who are socially inferior. (scapegoating).
- Adornos
study- investigated attitudes towards racial groups of 2000+ middle class white
Americans.
- F-scale- those who scored high were disrespectful of the ‘weak’ but had respect for those of higher status
- Adornos
study- investigated attitudes towards racial groups of 2000+ middle class white
Americans.
- Fear
of parents is displaced onto those who are socially inferior. (scapegoating).
- It
originates from childhood due to strict parenting.
- The
authoritarian personality includes extreme respect for authority and
disapproved inferiors.
- AO3 (dispositional)
- Its limited as loads of Germans had anti-Semitism behaviour but didn’t have same personality. Unlikely every German had authoritarian personality.
- F-scale is politically biased, more right wing
- Adorno
et al wanted to understand anti-Semitism of holocaust
- Social Psychological Factors
- Location-
in run down building
- Uniform-
experiment was ordinary member of public
- Proximity- teacher and learner in same room (obedience dropped), touch proximity (teacher forced leaners hand on a shock plate, remote instruction proximity
- Uniform-
experiment was ordinary member of public
- AO3 (social-psych)
- Lacks internal- orne and Holland, fake, pp worked out due to there being a member of public
- Research support- Bickman ( jacket and tie, milkman, security guard. Asked people to provide a coin for parking meter. Obeyed the security guard more.
- Replicated in other cultures, 90% obedience in Spain, not limited to American males.
- Location-
in run down building
- Situational Variables
- Agentic
state- no responsibility, act of behalf of someone else
- Autonomous
state- independent, feel responsibility for own actions
- Agentic
shift- ‘autonomous’ to ‘agentic'. When a person bow to to authority figure.
- Binding
factors- ignore damaging affect of behaviour. Milgram pps did this when denying
the damage they are doing to victims.
- We
obey people at top of social hierarchy
- Authorities
have legitimacy through societies agreement
- We
learn to accept authority during
childhood from parents and teachers.
- Hitler used his powers for destructive purposes.
- We
learn to accept authority during
childhood from parents and teachers.
- Authorities
have legitimacy through societies agreement
- We
obey people at top of social hierarchy
- Binding
factors- ignore damaging affect of behaviour. Milgram pps did this when denying
the damage they are doing to victims.
- Agentic
shift- ‘autonomous’ to ‘agentic'. When a person bow to to authority figure.
- Autonomous
state- independent, feel responsibility for own actions
- AO3 (situational)
- Agentic state can not account for behaviour of the Nazis. Police men shot civilians in small town in Poland when not ordered to, this challenges agentic shift as police were could disobey.
- Some pps did not obey. Also in holflings study the nurses didn’t show anxiety. Agentic shift can only account for some situations
- Agentic
state- no responsibility, act of behalf of someone else
- MILGRAM
- 40
male pps (recruited through newspaper) were told to take part in memory study.
Given 4.50
- Leaner-
Mr Wallace, true pp was teachers and experimenter with lab coat
- Leaner
was strapped to chair with electrodes. Electric shocks were given for mistakes
from 15 volts to 450 volts.
- At
300 the learner pounded wall, at 315 the learner gave no further response
- If
teacher felt unsure the experiment would give a sequence of 4 standard prods
- No
pps stopped below 300
- 65%
went up to 450 volts
- Observations
(qualitative data)
- 14
psychology students said only 3% would go up to 450 volts
- Pps were debriefed, 84% were glad to have pp
- 14
psychology students said only 3% would go up to 450 volts
- Observations
(qualitative data)
- 65%
went up to 450 volts
- No
pps stopped below 300
- If
teacher felt unsure the experiment would give a sequence of 4 standard prods
- At
300 the learner pounded wall, at 315 the learner gave no further response
- Leaner
was strapped to chair with electrodes. Electric shocks were given for mistakes
from 15 volts to 450 volts.
- Leaner-
Mr Wallace, true pp was teachers and experimenter with lab coat
- A03 (milgram)
- Lacked internal validity- orne and Holland said pps knew shocks were fake, but Sheridan and king gave real shocks to puppy. 70% of Milgram's pps though shock was real
- Good external- hofling et al, nurses gave unjustified demands by doctors (21/22). Can be generalised
- Ethical issues- deceptions, betrayal of trust that damages researchers reputation, less likely to volunteer again
- 40
male pps (recruited through newspaper) were told to take part in memory study.
Given 4.50
- Dispositional Variables
- Conformity
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