social divisions in the 1890s
- Created by: tash.baines
- Created on: 31-05-21 10:44
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- social divisions in the 1890s
- the landed elite
- small, diverse group
- mostly of noble status
- personal landholdings declined since emancipation
- possible jobs
- professional activities, e.g. uni professors
- business
- commerce
- transport
- industry
- state service
- zemstva
- provincial governorships
- often retained much of previous wealth and status
- the middle class
- growing class
- resulted from urban/industrial expansion and education
- included bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators
- enterprises included building railways or starting factories
- lower middle class could become managers or workshop owners and traders
- the urban working class
- around 2% of the population by the 1890s
- some peasants temporarily worked in towns
- returned to the villages at peak farming times
- others became urban workers or worked in migrant groups building railways
- some peasants temporarily worked in towns
- growing class
- by 1864 one in three of the inhabitants in St Petersburg were peasants by birth
- suffered poor living and working conditions
- this was despite some reforming welfare legislation in 1882-1890
- around 2% of the population by the 1890s
- the peasantry
- kulaks
- did well out of emancipation
- bought up land and employed labour
- might buy grain from poorer peasants in autumn
- sold it back at a profit in spring
- poorer peasants
- suffered more after emancipation
- became landless labourers
- often in debt
- experienced varying but generally poor living standards
- experienced poor health and low life expectancy
- kulaks
- the landed elite
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