Psychology RELATIONSHIPS
- Created by: Darcie Donnelly
- Created on: 28-11-18 11:26
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- Relationships
- Parasocial
- PSR are appealing because there is a lower chance of rejection
- PSR are with people who are attractive and 'similar' to the viewer
- GILES AND MALTBY ABSORPTIon ADDICTION MODEL
- 1.Entertain social; 2.Intense personal ; 3. Borderline-pathological
- ATTACHMENt THEORY - PSR have the same qualities as real life relationships.
- Proximity seeking- reducing the distance between them.
- Secure base- very little chance of rejection from an attachment figure so they can create a safe haven.
- Protest at Disruption - prolonged distress following separation or loss of the attachment figure.
- Individuals with anxious-ambivalent attachment are more likey to create a PSR.
- Anxious-ambivalent - individuals with a negative view of themselves. They turn to TV characters as a way of satisfying their unmet relational needs
- PSR are appealing because there is a lower chance of rejection
- Evolutionary explanations
- Intra sexual selection - individuals compete with one another.
- Inter sexual selection - evolve preferences for desirable qualities
- Females are more attracted to resourceful men.
- Men are more attracted to women who show signs of fertility
- BUSS 1989 males+female from 37 cultures asked to rate characteristics they look for
- Women look for financial stability. Men look for attractiveness and youth.
- Intra sexual selection - individuals compete with one another.
- Physical Attractiveness
- Men place great importance on physical attractiveness
- Matching hypothesis- individuals seek out partners who physical attractiveness matches their own
- WALSTER AND WALSTER 1966- male and female students completed questionnaires about physical attractiveness
- Randomly allocated but PP believed they were matched by intelligence and personality
- PP reacted more positively if their dates were physically attractive than 'matched'
- Randomly allocated but PP believed they were matched by intelligence and personality
- Men place great importance on physical attractiveness
- Self Disclosure
- Greater self disclosure leads to greater feelings of intimacy
- The more self disclosure received is a better predictor of liking and loving then self disclosure given.
- Norms of self disclosure- not too disclose too much too early. The more that is disclosed the more is expected back.
- SPRECHER ET AL 2013- students paired in either reciprocal or non-reciprocal pairs and assessed for the liking of one another.
- Those in reciprocal pairs show higher levels of liking than those in non reciprocal pairs.
- Attraction: Filter Theory
- We choose partners by using a series of filters, where we narrow down the 'field of availables'
- Filter 1 - Social Demography - age, social group, location
- Filter 2 - Similarities in attitudes - similar psychological characteristics
- Filter 3 - Complimentar of needs- people who have different needs like each other because they provide a mutual satisfaction
- Filter 2 - Similarities in attitudes - similar psychological characteristics
- KERCKHOFF AND DAVIS 1962- couples completed questionnaires of shared attitudes and values and degree of opposing needs.
- Dating for less than 18 month- similarity of values was the most important indicator of closeness. Dating for more than 18 months complementarof needs was the more important indicator of closeness.
- Social Exchange
- Individuals attempt to maximise their rewards within a relationship
- Commitment to a relationship depends on its profitability and what you get out of the relationship.
- Comparison level - a product of our experiences and our general views about what we expect.
- If the relationship exceeds the CL then we will judge the relationship as worthwhile
- Comparison level of alternatives - where a person weights up rewards with current partner and a new partner.
- Equity Theory
- Equity - when one partners benefits minus their costs equal their partners benefits minus their costs.
- Being over or under benefited leads to inequity and distress
- SCHAFER AND KEITH- inequity more likely to be during child-bearing years.
- HATFIELD AND RAPSON - concern with inequity depends on the stage of the relationship.
- Early stages - high considerations of fairness and equity. Long term - less worry about equity and day to day rewards
- STAFFORD AND CANARY 2006 - 200 married couples completed measure of equity and relationship satisfaction
- Satisfaction was highest when relationships perceived to be equitable
- Equity - when one partners benefits minus their costs equal their partners benefits minus their costs.
- Investment model of relationships
- Satisfaction level - positive vs negatives in a relationship.
- Quality of alternatives - extent to which needs could be fulfilled outside the relationship. If alternatives are absent, the relationship may continue.
- Investment size - measure of all resources that are attached to the relationship which would be lost if the relationship ended.
- Commitment level - likelihood that an involvement will persist. Little gain high loss if leaving the relationship.
- High levels of satisfaction plus high investment = increasing dependency on the relationship = high commitment
- LE AND AGNEW 2003 - meta-analysis of 52 studies of different components in the investment model.
- All three components highly correlated with relationship commitment and satisfaction level most correlated
- Relationship Breakdown
- BREAKDOwn - partner feels dissatisfied with the relationship
- INTRAPsychic - social withdrawal and re evaluation of alternatives in secret
- DYADIC - confronts partner and discuss their binding factors. The relationship could be saved.
- SOCIAL - shares problems with friends which makes it harder to deny. Outsiders create pressure into no going back
- GRAVE-DRESSING - partners must present themselves as trustworthy and loyal for other potential partners. No going back
- Virtual Relationships on social media
- People present 'edited' version of themselves over social media.
- Levels of self disclosure depend on whether it is a public or private account.
- Confidence to self disclosure comes from being anonymity and 'strangers on a train' effect
- Strangers on the train - self disclose more to strangers as they know they will never see them again.
- Confidence to self disclosure comes from being anonymity and 'strangers on a train' effect
- Levels of self disclosure depend on whether it is a public or private account.
- Gates- barriers that limit opportunities for the less attractive, she or less socially skilled to form relationships in face to face.
- ZHAO ET AL 2008 - found that gated individuals present identities that they hope to establish but are unable to face to face.
- YURCHISIN ET AL 2005 - people online tend to give a more socially desirable image of themselves to make themselves more popular.
- People present 'edited' version of themselves over social media.
- Parasocial
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