PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SUMMARISED
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- Created on: 16-05-19 20:54
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- PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
- Definitions of abnormality
- Statistical infrequency
- Most obvious way to define abnormality
- Descriptive statistics, representing a typical value
- If it can find what behaviours are most common it can help define abnormal behaviours
- Evaluation: Not all uncommon behaviours are necessarily negative, for example having a higher than average IQ.
- It can be subjective as its hard to define a cut off point in what is seen as normal or abnormal
- Failure to function adequately
- ROSENHAM AND SELIGMAN 1989
- Maladaptive and harmful behaviours (e.g. taking drugs and alcohol), unconventional behaviour (going against what is percieved as normal) and observer discomfort such as seeing homeless people
- Evaluation: It is possible to function adequately but in fact be "abnormal" on the inside
- ROSENHAM AND SELIGMAN 1989
- Deviation for social norms
- Norms which are created by a group of people in society
- Standards of acceptable behaviours which are viewed as unwritten rules of society
- People who act differently to these are seen to be behaving abnormally.
- Deviation from ideal mental health
- Self attitudes, Personal growth and self actualisation, Autonomy (control), Intergration and Accurate perception of reality
- Evaluation: Unrealistic criteria
- Statistical infrequency
- Behavioural approach: Phobias
- Mowrers Two Process Model
- Suggests that all phobias are learned, emphasising the importance of environment and proposes that some learning is maladaptive which leads to abnormal behaviour.
- STEP 1: INITIATION
- Suggests that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning, an association between an unconditional stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
- Example: An unconditioned stimulus ( a bite) naturally produces fear. If a dog bites a person, they will associate the dog with pain and then learn to be fearful of dogs.
- STEP 2: MAINTENANCE
- Phobias are maintained through operant conditioning.
- The likelihood of a behaviour being repeated depends on the consequences, if the outcome is rewarding the behaviour will be repeated, bu avoiding feared objects, fear is reduced which is rewarding
- Evaluation: DI NARDO 1988- The diathesis stress model. Not everyone who is bitten by a dog will become scared of dogs. This is explained by DSM which proposes some people are already genetically vulnerable for developing mental disorders, it manifests through triggering life events.
- Evaluation: Supported by SLT/Bandura
- Mowrers Two Process Model
- Behavioural treatments for phobias
- Flooding: A client is exposed to an extreme form of their threatening situation in a relexed condition until the anxiety is extinguished
- Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing is taught first
- Usually last 2-3hours
- Fear responses have a time limit as adrenaline reduces, a new stimulus-response link can be learned
- Systematic desensitisation:A client is gradually exposed to their threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety is extinguihsed
- A reason for phobias may be because a person tends to avoid their feared object so they don't get chance to learn that it is not fearful
- Aims to introduce the individual to their feared object and relax in its presence.
- Hierarchy Example: Seeing a spider on the ground, approaching a spider on the ground, Catching the spider, then putting it outside.
- Evaluation: MCGARTH 1990 reported that 75% of patients responded to SD
- OHMAN 1975, SD might not actually be that effective in treating phobias with an evolutionary survival component
- Evaluation: CHOY ET AL reported that flooding is more effective than SD
- Flooding breaks ethical guideline protection from physical or psychological harm.
- Flooding: A client is exposed to an extreme form of their threatening situation in a relexed condition until the anxiety is extinguished
- Cognitive explanations for depression
- BECKS NEGATIVE TRIAD
- Negative view of about the world. "Everybody hates me because i'm worthless"
- Negative view of self "I am worthless"
- Negative view of future. "I'll never be good at anything"
- ELLIS' ABC MODEL
- Activating event, Belief, Consequences.
- Evaluation
- HAMMEN AND KRENTZ 1976 found support through research that depression was caused by irrational thinking.
- Ignores other factors such as genes and hormones that cause depression like low levels of serotonin
- Useful application, cognitive behavioural therapy.
- BECKS NEGATIVE TRIAD
- Cognitive treatments for depression
- Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy ELLIS
- Added to his ABC model with Disputing Effects of disputing and Feelings/emotions produced.
- Logical disputing, empirical disputing and pragmatic disputing
- Thought diaries and homework as part of CBT
- Added to his ABC model with Disputing Effects of disputing and Feelings/emotions produced.
- Evaluation
- CUIJPERS ET AL 2013 found that out of 75 studies, CBT was more superior than no treatment.
- CBT is a treatment that works towards curing depression rather than just treating the symptoms
- ELKIN found CBT ineffective for people with high levels or irrational beliefs
- Anti-depressant drugs such as SSRIs require less effort from the patient
- CBT has very little success rate
- Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy ELLIS
- Biological approach to OCD
- Compulsion- A repetitive rigid behaviour or mental act that a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety
- Obsession- A persistent thought, idea, impulse or image that experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive and causes anxiety
- COMT Gene- regulates levels of dopamine, high levels of this is linked to OCD
- SERT Gene- regulates levels of seratonin, low levels of this are linked to OCD
- Biological treatments
- SSRI Therapy
- Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- These drugs increase levels of seratonin
- Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- Tricyclics block the transport mechanism of seratonin
- Evaluation
- Drug therapy is cheaper and quicker and it requires less effort on the part of the participant
- Drugs have side effects such as irritability, disturbance to sleep patterns, headaches and loss of appetite
- SSRI Therapy
- Definitions of abnormality
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