Polymers
- Created by: P0larbear
- Created on: 04-01-21 14:05
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- Polymers
- Addition
- Teflon (PTFE) C2F4
- Rod-like structure - packs well. Fairly crystalline. high melting point. resistant to chemical attack due to protective F.
- Uses: non-stick tools, coating vessels to prevent corrosion
- Polyalkenes
- PET: Thermoplastics / thermo-softenin. (Melts in high temperatures. Enough energy supplied to overcome intermolecular forces of attraction between long chains)
- HDPE = high density polyethane.Little branching so more crystalline. packed close so strong vdw forcesso higher melting point and higher density.
- Uses: milk bottles, bowls, pipes
- Low density polyethane. Lots of side chains, but molecules close sometimes so a bit crystalline. Largely amorphous so low density and low melting point
- Uses: plastic bags
- Teflon (PTFE) C2F4
- Condensation
- Polyesters
- Terylene
- Terephthalic acid + ethane-1,2-diol. Water is eliminated
- -COC6H4COOCH2CH2O-
- can be broken down by hydrolysis
- very strong fibre (even wet), elastic, unreactive with acids
- monomers joined together, small molecule removed, made from diacid and diol
- Terylene
- Polyamides
- Polypeptides
- Peptides can join together in many different ways but always with a peptide link (CONH). If enough are joined it can be a protein chain. Addition/ elimination reaction.
- Proteins
- Primary structure
- Protein chain has around 50-2000 amino acid residues
- Cysteine: if two end up next to each other due to folding in the peptide chain, they can react to form a sulfur bridge (covalent bond between two sulfur atoms)
- order of amino acid residues in the protein. Structure of an amino acid looks like: H2N-CH(R)-COOH (N-terminal at left, C-terminal at right).
- Secondary structure
- Alpha helix: peptide coiled in spiral. IntRAmolecular bonds between groups four residues apart
- Beta pleated sheet: quite extended polypeptide chains held by intERmolecular hydrogen bonds
- peptide link CONH
- Tertiary structure
- VAN DER WAAL'S between large hydrocarbon side chains
- Hydrogen bonds between NH2 and OH side chains
- Ionic interactions between -NH4+ and -COO- when Hydrogen transfers
- Sulphur bridges: covalent bonds between cysteine residues
- Primary structure
- Nylon 6
- Made from 1 monomer (caprolactam, a cyclic amide) and the ring opens OR from 6-aminohexanoic acid
- Uses: textiles, tire cords, ropes
- Nylon 6,6
- Made from 2 monomers with 6C each: hexanedioic acid and hexane-1,6-diamine
- Nylon 6,6
- Thermosoftening: melt in high temperatures
- Nylon 6,6
- Made from 2 monomers with 6C each: hexanedioic acid and hexane-1,6-diamine
- Nylon 6,6
- Kevlar
- Uses: bulletproof vests, boat construction, lightweight skis.
- COC6H4CONHC6H4NHW
- Hydrogen bonding and 3D network so very strong.
- Functional group = CONH. Made from diacid and diamine OR from an amino carboxylic acid in an elimination reaction
- Polypeptides
- Polyesters
- Adhesives
- Epoxy resins: thermosetting polymers that are set in one shape due to cross-linking
- Superglue: almost planar. alternating bond types so delocalisation, so lots of electrons near N and O making CH3 group exposed to nucleophiles (even water vapour). each reaction produces longer nucleophile. Polymerises during setting process.
- Conducting
- Ethyne / C2H2(n) has alternating double and single bonds which results in delocalised electrons that are free to conduct electricity
- DNA
- Double helix structure. Chains run in opposite directions. Made up of nucleotides with the structure of sugar group, phosphate group, and base where the four bases bond A-T (2 H bonds) and C-G (3 H bonds)
- -CH2-phosphate group
- deoxyribose group
- Base group (A-T, G-C)
- deoxyribose group
- -CH2-phosphate group
- Replication: DNA molecule unzips (H bonds break) and more nucleotides are connected to the strand to make the daughter DNA. Semi-conservative because half of the molecule is new.
- Double helix structure. Chains run in opposite directions. Made up of nucleotides with the structure of sugar group, phosphate group, and base where the four bases bond A-T (2 H bonds) and C-G (3 H bonds)
- Addition
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