PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
TOPICS INCLUDING:
THE RESTLESS EARTH
WATER ON THE LAND
THE COASTAL ZONE
- Created by: hermione123
- Created on: 12-05-16 17:52
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- Physical Geography
- The restless earth
- Tectonic Plates
- The crust is Divided into Tectonic paltes
- Two types: Continental and Oceanic
- Continental Crust: THICK AND LESS DENSE
- Oceanic Plate: THIN AND MORE DENSE
- FOLD MOUNTAINS
- LARGE MOUNTAIN RANGES- Layers of sedimentary are forced UPWARDS due to Collision
- Causes Earth Quakes and Fold Mountains
- found at destructive/collision plate boundary
- Case Study
- THE ANDES, SOUTH AMERICA
- 4 USES
- FARMING
- SUBSISTENCE FARMERS MAINLY THERE
- CROPS INCLUDE POTATOES
- TERRACES HELP RETAIN WATER AND STOP MOVEMENT OF SOIL DOWN HILL
- CROPS GROWN ON FLAT LAND IN VALLEYS
- MALE LLAMAS CARRY GOODS AND FEMALES LLAMAS PROVIDE MILK
- MINING
- PROVIDES HALF OF PERUS EXPORTS- GOLD AND SILVER. BOLIVIA PROVIDES TIN
- YANACOCHA GOLD MINE IN PERU IS THE LARGEST GOLD MINE IN THE WORLD.
- GOLD IS MINED BY BLASTING ROCK WITH DYNAMITE, SPRAY WITH CYANIDE AND THEN EXTRACT GOLD FROM SOLUTION.
- MANY JOBS CREATED IN NEARBY TOWNS E.G. CAJAMARCA GROWN FROM 30,000-300,000
- MORE PEOPLE = SERVICES NEEDED = MORE JOBS AVAILABLE=PRESSURE ON SERVICES.
- HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER (HEP)
- STEEP SLOPES ON ANDES ENCOURAGES FAST FLOW OF WATER IDEAL FOR HEP.
- NARROW VALLEYS CAN BE EASILY DAMMED
- MELTING SNOW IN SPING INCREASES WATER FLOW.
- STEEP SLOPES ON ANDES ENCOURAGES FAST FLOW OF WATER IDEAL FOR HEP.
- EL PLATANAL HEP PLANT IN PERY IS HUGE
- TOURISM
- ATTRACTIVE SCENERY: -VOLCANOES, LAKES, GLACIERS, MOUNTAIN PEAKS
- TREKKING ON INCA TRAIL (45 KM LONG) WHICH LEADS TO WORLD HERITAGE SITE - MACCHU PICCHU
- RARE BIRDS AND SPECIES
- FARMING
- 4 USES
- THE ANDES, SOUTH AMERICA
- When continental and oceanic plate collides E.G. THE ANDES
- Case Study
- THE ANDES, SOUTH AMERICA
- 4 USES
- FARMING
- SUBSISTENCE FARMERS MAINLY THERE
- CROPS INCLUDE POTATOES
- TERRACES HELP RETAIN WATER AND STOP MOVEMENT OF SOIL DOWN HILL
- CROPS GROWN ON FLAT LAND IN VALLEYS
- MALE LLAMAS CARRY GOODS AND FEMALES LLAMAS PROVIDE MILK
- MINING
- PROVIDES HALF OF PERUS EXPORTS- GOLD AND SILVER. BOLIVIA PROVIDES TIN
- YANACOCHA GOLD MINE IN PERU IS THE LARGEST GOLD MINE IN THE WORLD.
- GOLD IS MINED BY BLASTING ROCK WITH DYNAMITE, SPRAY WITH CYANIDE AND THEN EXTRACT GOLD FROM SOLUTION.
- MANY JOBS CREATED IN NEARBY TOWNS E.G. CAJAMARCA GROWN FROM 30,000-300,000
- MORE PEOPLE = SERVICES NEEDED = MORE JOBS AVAILABLE=PRESSURE ON SERVICES.
- HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER (HEP)
- NARROW VALLEYS CAN BE EASILY DAMMED
- MELTING SNOW IN SPING INCREASES WATER FLOW.
- EL PLATANAL HEP PLANT IN PERY IS HUGE
- TOURISM
- ATTRACTIVE SCENERY: -VOLCANOES, LAKES, GLACIERS, MOUNTAIN PEAKS
- TREKKING ON INCA TRAIL (45 KM LONG) WHICH LEADS TO WORLD HERITAGE SITE - MACCHU PICCHU
- RARE BIRDS AND SPECIES
- FARMING
- 4 USES
- THE ANDES, SOUTH AMERICA
- Case Study
- When 2 CONTINENTAL PLATES COLLIDE E.G. HIMILAYAS
- Characteristics: High Mountains, Rocky, Steep Slopes, Glaciers and Rivers
- LARGE MOUNTAIN RANGES- Layers of sedimentary are forced UPWARDS due to Collision
- VOLCANOES
- 3 TYPES
- COMPOSITE
- EXAMPLE: MOUNT FUJI, JAPAN
- MADE OF ASH AND LAVA
- EREUPTED, COOLED AND HARDENED INTO LAYERS
- MADE OF ASH AND LAVA
- LAVA=THICK- FLOWS SLOWLY = HARDENS QUICKLY
- EREUPTED, COOLED AND HARDENED INTO LAYERS
- EREUPTED, COOLED AND HARDENED INTO LAYERS
- STEEP SIDED VOLCANO
- DOME
- EXAMPLE CARRIBEAN,
- ONLY LAVA
- LAVA= THICK=FLOWS SLOWLY= HARDENS QUICKLY
- DOME
- SHIELD
- EXAMPLE: MAUNA LOA, HAWAIIN ISLANDS
- MADE OF ONLY LAVA
- LAVA = RUNNY= FLOWS QUICKLY- SPREADS OVER WIDE AREA
- MADE OF ONLY LAVA
- LOW, FLAT VOLCANO
- DOME
- EXAMPLE CARRIBEAN,
- ONLY LAVA
- LAVA= THICK=FLOWS SLOWLY= HARDENS QUICKLY
- COMPOSITE
- CASE STUDY: EYJAFJALLAJOKULL, ICELAND- 2010
- LOCATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
- LIES ON CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARY
- ON MID-ATLANTIC- RIDGE (EURASIAN AND NORTH AMERICAN)
- PLATES MOVE APART DUE TO CONVECTION CURRENTS
- GAP IS FORMED
- LAYERS OF LAVA SOLIDIFIES AND FORMS VOLCANO
- EFFECTS
- POSITIVE
- EYJAFJALLA JOKUL NEW ICELALANDIC TOURIST ATTRACTION- BENEFITS FOR LOCAL PEOPLE, INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMY.
- SOILS BECOME FERTILE DUE TO LAVA/ ASH.
- VOLCANIC ROCKS USED FOR BUILDING
- GEOTHERMAL ENERGUY PRODUCES ELECTRICITY/ HOT WATER FOR INDUSTRIES HEATS SWIMMING POOLS AND MELTSSNOW ON PAVEMENTS.
- VALUABLE MINERALS FOUND IN LAVA
- SULPHUR IN CRATERS USED TO BLEACH SUGAR, MAKE MATCHES AND FERTILIZER.
- NEGATIVE
- SECONDARY
- LOCAL FLOOD DEFENCES HAD TO BE REBUILT
- TOURISM BADLY IMPACTED ICELAND-ECONOMY, LOCAL JOBS, INCOMES.
- ROADS/SERVICES HAD TO BE REBUILT.
- WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIES AFFECTED BY LACK OF RAW MATERIALS
- GOODS COULD NOT BE IMPORTED BY PLANES- AFFECTED SUPERMARKETS AND WORLDWIDE PRODUCERS.
- AILINES INDUSTRY LOST A LOT OF MONEY
- PRIMARY
- LARGE AREAS COVERED IN ASH- DAY TURNED INTO NIGHT
- APPROX. 800 PEOPLE HAD TO BE EVACUATED
- DAMAGED HOMES, ROADS WASHED AWAY
- THICK LAYER OF ASH COVERED FARMLAND DAMAGING CROPS
- SERVICES- WATER, ELECTRICITY- WERE DISRUPTED
- OVER AN 8 DAY PERIOD 100,000 FLIGHTS WERE CANCELLED , 10 MILLION PASSENGERS AFFECTED.
- SECONDARY
- POSITIVE
- RESPONSES
- IMMEDIATE
- EVACUATION
- MASKS WORN-DENSE ASH
- NO FLIGHTS ALLOWED
- SHORT TIME
- RESEARCH INTO MONITORING ASH CONENTRATION AND IMPROVING FORECASTING
- IMMEDIATE
- LOCATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
- SUPER VOLCANO CASE STUDY: YELLOWSTONE.
- CHARACTERISTICS
- HUGE!!!!!
- COVER LARGE AREA
- FLAT-HAVE LARGE DEPPRESSIONS CALLED CALDERA
- CAN ALTER LANDSCAPE OVER 1000S KM
- ERUPTION HAPPEN VERY RARE.
- AT DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGINS/HOT SPOTS
- Global Effects
- send out atleast 1000km3 of material-rock, as, lava.
- ordinary volcano will emit 1km3
- send out atleast 1000km3 of material-rock, as, lava.
- THICK CLOUD OF SUPER-HEATED GAS AND ASH WILL FLOW AT HIGH SPEED KILLING , BURNING, BURYING EVERYTHING
- BLOCK DAYLIGHT-THICK ASH.-OVER WHOLE CONTINENTS
- GOABAL TEMP. WILL FALL (12-15 DEGREES)
- LAND WILL BE COVERED IN SNOW FOR 3 YEARS.
- CROPS WONT GROW-40% OF POPULATION WILL FACE STARVATION
- LIVESTOCK KILLED
- 1 IN 3 PEOPLE WILL DIE
- FLIGHTS SUSPENDED.
- RESPONSES!
- PEOPLE HELPED EACHOTHER AS RESCUES SERVICES COULD NOT BE REACHED.
- LARGE STORES HELPED PROVIDE ESSENTIAL FOODS
- PEOPLE HELPED EACHOTHER AS RESCUES SERVICES COULD NOT BE REACHED.
- IMMEDIATE!
- LARGE STORES HELPED PROVIDE ESSENTIAL FOODS
- HANSHIN EXPRESSWAY REMAINED CLODSED FOR 18 MONTHS
- total cost of the damages was approx. £56 million
- LARGE STORES HELPED PROVIDE ESSENTIAL FOODS
- long term
- high buildings have steel flexible frames
- rubber block placed under bridges to absorb shocks
- high buildings have steel flexible frames
- CHARACTERISTICS
- 3 TYPES
- EARTHQUAKES
- can happen on destructive and collision plate msrgins
- WAVES ARE STRONGER NEAR FOCUS= MORE DAMAGE
- CAN BE MEASURED USING : RICHTER SCALE AND MERCALLI SCALE.
- case study: Haiti, ledc, 2010
- causes
- lies on a constructive margin between north American and carribbean plates
- 7.0 on richter scale
- epicentre was very close to port au prince so earthquake was v. powerful.
- focus was v. shallow so tremors were v. strong.
- 12th jan
- effects
- primary
- approx. 230,000 people killed
- 180,000 homes destroyed- poorly constructed concrete building
- port au prince (capital) was destroyed
- 5,000 schools damaged/ destroyed.
- services were badly destroyed/ disrupted.
- secondary
- 1.5 million people made homeless
- homeless people made to live in squalid
- 100's people died of cholera
- total cost of damage=$11.5 million
- long term
- one of the poorest countries in the world so it was unprepared for an earthquake, 3 years on thousands still live in camps. it is thought it would take ten years to rebuild Haiti.
- primary
- responses
- immediate
- local people helped
- search and rescue teams from abroad flown to help survivors
- Aid -provided by USA.
- UK disaster committee raised over £100 million
- long term
- damaged buildings were inspected and repaired.
- 200,000 local people assisting with clean up work have been paid food, cash.
- many thousand moved away/ migrated from port au prince
- world bank has pledged US$100 MILLION TO HELP reconstruction of Haiti.
- immediate
- causes
- EARTHQUAKE: CASE STUDY TOHOKU TSUNAMI, JAPAN 11TH MARCH, 2011
- CAUSES
- LIES ON DESTRUCTIVE PLATE: PACIFIC SUBDUCTED BELOW EURASIAN
- 9.0 ON RICHTER SCALE, OCCURRED 100KM EAST OF JAPANESE COAST.
- OVER 1000 AFTERSHOCKES
- WAVES SWEPT UP TO10 KM INLAND.
- IN 30 MIN. A WALL OF WATER 40M HIGH HIT THE COASTLINE
- EFFECTS
- PRIMARY
- 20,000 PEOPLE KILLED
- GAS PIPES BROKEN
- COMMUNICATIONS DESTROYED.
- ELECTRIICTY CUTT OFF 6 MILLION HOMES, WATER SUPPLIES CUT IN 12 MILLION HOMES
- SECONDARY
- FIRES BURNED FOR MANY DAYS
- FUKISHIMA NUCLEAR PLANT EXPLODED( DUE TO SEA WATER), CONCERNS ABOUT NUCLEAR LEAKS AND CONTAMINATION
- ROADS BLOCKED BY LANDSLIDES AND DEBRIS, AFFECTED AID.
- WORLD STOCK MARKETS FELL OVER RE JAPANS DEPT.
- PRIMARY
- RESPONSES
- IMMEDIATE: OVER 120,000 JAPANESE SOLDIERS HELPED RESCUE.
- BLANKETS, WATER, FOOD GIVEN TO AFFECTED PEOPLE.
- RESCUE TEAMS/SPECIALIST SEARCH CAME FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.
- PORT REBUILT
- EXCLUSION ZONE SET AROUND FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR PLANT
- CAUSES
- Tectonic Plates
- THE COASTAL ZONE
- COASTAL MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDY HOLDERNESS, EAST YORKSHIRE
- weathering:breakdown of rocks where they are
- mechanical
- withoust changing its chemical
- Untitled
- chemical
- by changing its chemical composition
- mechanical
- The restless earth
- NEGATIVE
- SECONDARY
- LOCAL FLOOD DEFENCES HAD TO BE REBUILT
- TOURISM BADLY IMPACTED ICELAND-ECONOMY, LOCAL JOBS, INCOMES.
- ROADS/SERVICES HAD TO BE REBUILT.
- WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIES AFFECTED BY LACK OF RAW MATERIALS
- GOODS COULD NOT BE IMPORTED BY PLANES- AFFECTED SUPERMARKETS AND WORLDWIDE PRODUCERS.
- AILINES INDUSTRY LOST A LOT OF MONEY
- PRIMARY
- LARGE AREAS COVERED IN ASH- DAY TURNED INTO NIGHT
- APPROX. 800 PEOPLE HAD TO BE EVACUATED
- DAMAGED HOMES, ROADS WASHED AWAY
- THICK LAYER OF ASH COVERED FARMLAND DAMAGING CROPS
- SERVICES- WATER, ELECTRICITY- WERE DISRUPTED
- OVER AN 8 DAY PERIOD 100,000 FLIGHTS WERE CANCELLED , 10 MILLION PASSENGERS AFFECTED.
- SECONDARY
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