Peaceful Coexistence

Created by: klfcollins
Created on: 27-12-15 11:24

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Peaceful Coexistence
- Khrushchev
  - Stalin died 1953.
  - Wanted USSR to be unchallenged leader of socialism.
  - Wanted firm grip on satellite states.
  - Wanted to prevent Germany rearming.
  - Wanted to expand USSR's nuclear capability.
  - Wanted to reduce military spending.
  - Wanted to reduce international tension.
- Austrian State Treaty
  - Austria divided into 4 zones post WW2.
  - USSR received economic aid.
    - Austria divided into 4 zones post WW2.
  - Austria: "Europe's Korea."
  - 1955: Britain, France, USSR and USA formed a Treaty.
  - Austria would be neutral. West would remove occupational forces from West Germany.
- De-Stalinization and Hungary
  - 1956: Khrushchev's secret speech - denounced Stalin as a 'tyrant.'
  - De-Stalinization led to release of many political prisoners and easing of censorship.
  - Reformers in Hungary encouraged by Khrushchev's speech.
  - Uprising in Poland led to calls to end Communism in Hungary.
  - 1956: Hungarians start demonstrations, leader Gero can't control the violence.
    - Soviets stationed in Budapest forced to lead. Gero replaced with more moderate Nagy.
      - Nagy forced to bring in multi-party democracy and calls to leave the Warsaw Pact.
        Too much for USSR - brought in tanks and troops. 35000 killed. Nagy replaced with Kadar.
  - Britain and France didn't intervene - preoccupied with Suez Crisis.
    - US didn't intervene - you don't interfere with other power's spheres.
- Problems over Germany 1958-61
  - East Germans fled to West - brain drain. By July 1961, 30 000 fled per month. Since 1949, 3m had left.
  - Ulbricht proposed Berlin wall - Khrushchev refused.
  - 1958: Khrushchev demanded that Berlin be a free city. Ultimatum: West had 6 months to recognise DDR as independent.
  - 1959: Camp David Talks - Khrushchev first Soviet leader to visit US. Agreed with Eisenhower on diplomacy.
  - 1960 Paris Summit.
    - Khrushchev wanted to prohibit nuclear weapons in the Pacific and Germany.
      - China wouldn't agree to this.
    - Summit collapsed when U2 spy plane shot down over USSR.
      - Eisenhower claimed it was a weather plane.
      - Eisenhower's trip to USSR cancelled.
  - 1960: Restrictions on travel imposed.
  - 1961: JFK and Khrushchev Vienna Summit - no agreement.
    - JFK increased defence spending and called for build up of NATO forces.
      - August 1961: construction of Berlin Wall began.
- The Nuclear Arms Race
  - 1945: US A-Bomb. 1949: USSR A-Bomb
  - 1952: US H-Bomb (1000x more powerful than A-Bomb.)
  - 1957: First USSR ICBM. Sputnik launched.
  - 1968: US ABMs and MIRVs.
  - 1946: Baruch Plan failed.
  - Causes
    - Protect interests - could mean concessions
    - New developments eg China 1949 led to tension.
    - Military influence - Khrushchev forced to resign 1964 after trying to slow the race.
    - Economic concerns - 30m US citizens employed in arms manufacture.
    - Khrushchev's personal insecurities - led to boasting and exaggeration that fuelled US concerns.
  - Impact
    - Rivalry - ended with US Star Wars Initiative 1980s - USSR couldn't match it.
    - MAD was a restraint. Meant conflicts had to be fought in client states eg Korea.
    - Brinkmanship - Cuban Missile crisis.
    - Bankrupted USSR.
- The Nature of the Cold War
  - Historians eg Graebner & Morganthau play down ideology - claim superpower status more important.
    - However, capitalism and communism were important to their respective side.
- Propoaganda
  - USA
    - Stressed values of freedom democracy.
    - US Information Agency - views spread to 150 countries.
    - Radio eg Voice of America - spread message in over 70 languages.
    - Films eg The Red Menace
  - USSR
    - Siege mentality.
    - Zhdanovshchina - laid down arts guidelines
    - Foreign films banned.
    - 1948: USSR jammed foreign radio stations.
    - Tass - main news agency - 70% employed were secret agents.
- Espionage
  - USA
    - Spies eg Julius Rosenberg and Harry Gold provided atomic secrets
    - CIA est 1947
    - Successes eg discovering missiles in Cuba, overthrow of left wing Allende (Chile 73)
    - Failures eg Bay of Pigs, Gary Powers and U-2 plane
  - USSR
    - KGB est 1954
    - KGB members rose to half a million.
    - Secured secrets of A-Bomb - allowed tests to go ahead several years early in 1949.
The Geneva Summit
- May 1955: FRG joined NATO and started to rearm.
- Peaceful Coexistence
  - Khrushchev
    - Stalin died 1953.
    - Wanted USSR to be unchallenged leader of socialism.
    - Wanted firm grip on satellite states.
    - Wanted to prevent Germany rearming.
    - Wanted to expand USSR's nuclear capability.
    - Wanted to reduce military spending.
    - Wanted to reduce international tension.
  - Austrian State Treaty
    - USSR received economic aid.
    - Austria: "Europe's Korea."
    - 1955: Britain, France, USSR and USA formed a Treaty.
    - Austria would be neutral. West would remove occupational forces from West Germany.
  - De-Stalinization and Hungary
    - 1956: Khrushchev's secret speech - denounced Stalin as a 'tyrant.'
    - De-Stalinization led to release of many political prisoners and easing of censorship.
    - Reformers in Hungary encouraged by Khrushchev's speech.
    - Uprising in Poland led to calls to end Communism in Hungary.
    - 1956: Hungarians start demonstrations, leader Gero can't control the violence.
      - Soviets stationed in Budapest forced to lead. Gero replaced with more moderate Nagy.
        Nagy forced to bring in multi-party democracy and calls to leave the Warsaw Pact.
        Too much for USSR - brought in tanks and troops. 35000 killed. Nagy replaced with Kadar.
    - Britain and France didn't intervene - preoccupied with Suez Crisis.
      - US didn't intervene - you don't interfere with other power's spheres.
  - Problems over Germany 1958-61
    - East Germans fled to West - brain drain. By July 1961, 30 000 fled per month. Since 1949, 3m had left.
    - Ulbricht proposed Berlin wall - Khrushchev refused.
    - 1958: Khrushchev demanded that Berlin be a free city. Ultimatum: West had 6 months to recognise DDR as independent.
    - 1959: Camp David Talks - Khrushchev first Soviet leader to visit US. Agreed with Eisenhower on diplomacy.
    - 1960 Paris Summit.
      - Khrushchev wanted to prohibit nuclear weapons in the Pacific and Germany.
        China wouldn't agree to this.
      - Summit collapsed when U2 spy plane shot down over USSR.
        Eisenhower claimed it was a weather plane.
        
        Eisenhower's trip to USSR cancelled.
    - 1960: Restrictions on travel imposed.
    - 1961: JFK and Khrushchev Vienna Summit - no agreement.
      - JFK increased defence spending and called for build up of NATO forces.
        August 1961: construction of Berlin Wall began.
  - The Nuclear Arms Race
    - 1945: US A-Bomb. 1949: USSR A-Bomb
    - 1952: US H-Bomb (1000x more powerful than A-Bomb.)
    - 1957: First USSR ICBM. Sputnik launched.
    - 1968: US ABMs and MIRVs.
    - 1946: Baruch Plan failed.
    - Causes
      - Protect interests - could mean concessions
      - New developments eg China 1949 led to tension.
      - Military influence - Khrushchev forced to resign 1964 after trying to slow the race.
      - Economic concerns - 30m US citizens employed in arms manufacture.
      - Khrushchev's personal insecurities - led to boasting and exaggeration that fuelled US concerns.
    - Impact
      - Rivalry - ended with US Star Wars Initiative 1980s - USSR couldn't match it.
      - MAD was a restraint. Meant conflicts had to be fought in client states eg Korea.
      - Brinkmanship - Cuban Missile crisis.
      - Bankrupted USSR.
  - The Nature of the Cold War
    - Historians eg Graebner & Morganthau play down ideology - claim superpower status more important.
      - However, capitalism and communism were important to their respective side.
  - Propoaganda
    - USA
      - Stressed values of freedom democracy.
      - US Information Agency - views spread to 150 countries.
      - Radio eg Voice of America - spread message in over 70 languages.
      - Films eg The Red Menace
    - USSR
      - Siege mentality.
      - Zhdanovshchina - laid down arts guidelines
      - Foreign films banned.
      - 1948: USSR jammed foreign radio stations.
      - Tass - main news agency - 70% employed were secret agents.
  - Espionage
    - USA
      - Spies eg Julius Rosenberg and Harry Gold provided atomic secrets
      - CIA est 1947
      - Successes eg discovering missiles in Cuba, overthrow of left wing Allende (Chile 73)
      - Failures eg Bay of Pigs, Gary Powers and U-2 plane
    - USSR
      - KGB est 1954
      - KGB members rose to half a million.
      - Secured secrets of A-Bomb - allowed tests to go ahead several years early in 1949.
- Big Four met at Geneva, 1955.
- Khrushchev said he was willing to accept reunification of Germany if it was neutral and demilitarised.
- Eisenhower proposed the "Open Skies Policy."
- "Broke the ice." No practical solutions, but paved the way for future diplomacy.
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