Pain pathway and analgesics

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  • Pain Pathway
    • Transduction
      • Transmission
        • Modulation
          • Perception
            • Opioids
            • Alpha 2s
            • Ketamine
              • Side effects
                • Hallucinatory effects
                • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
                • Respiratory depression
          • Opioids
            • Side effects
              • Bradycardia
              • Respiratory depression
              • Nausea
              • Dysphoria
          • Ketamine
          • Alpha 2s
            • Side effects
              • Vasoconstriction
              • Brady-dysrhythmais
              • Respiratory depression
              • Sedation
              • Nausea
          • Nitrous oxide
            • Side effects
              • >66% inspired fraction will decrease amount of available O2 to the patient
              • Problems associated with with the use of nitrous oxide and air filled spaces will occur more quickly if higher percentages are used
        • Local anaesthetics
          • Block sodium channels, thus nerve conductions
          • Only true analgesics
          • Side effects
            • Cardio-toxicity
            • Neurotoxicity
        • Some alpha 2s and opioids have 'local analgesic actions' when administered epidurally
      • NSAIDs
        • Side effects
          • Clotting dysfunctions
          • Renal dysfunction
          • Gastro-intestinal disturbances

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